I'm so sorry to hear about your mother.
My LO had similar problems and I think it's common at this age. Her naps were on me or in the pram and she had a lot of night wakings.
We used controlled crying. I know it doesn't work for some people but it worked great for us. DD is in her own cot in her own room and she sleeps better on her own (longer and more deeply) than she did in our bed. When she wakes up for the day, I bring her into our bed for a long feed lying down so we still have a little of that special baby time. (She just turned one.) We tried Baby Whisperer for ages with mixed results and instant improvement when we switched to CC. (It took like maybe 3 days, maybe a bit longer for naps.)
One thing I notice from your post is that you seem to be trying a few different things at once. With CC you have to be absolutely consistent. You can't do shush pat part of the time and then leave LO to cry at other times -- he won't learn what to do. Also, it isn't clear whether you are feeding to sleep. If you are, I think you will need to stop if you want to succeed at sleep training.
I used the book Sleepeasy Solution and it was brilliant. I don't think it matters what system you choose, and you can take parts of different systems to do what works for you, but you need to make a plan and stick to it. You're asking your child to learn a totally different behavior. (I'm not saying you need to buy a book -- you can probably find out what you need to know from the threads. Plus I'm going to type out what we did!)
This is what we did, in a nutshell:
Nighttime:
- Do your usual sleep routine. Put LO down in his cot and say, "Good night, I love you, I'll see you in the morning." Leave!
Keep returning exactly at the planned intervals. (Our book said 5, 10, 15, and then stay at 15, but just pick something and stay with it.) The exact planning is partly for your benefit -- you don't want to be wondering what the right thing to do is while LO is crying.
When you return, you are checking to make sure nothing is wrong. Don't make eye contact or touch your child. (I did lay her back down if she was kneeling.) But going in and cuddling and then leaving again is cruel. Your LO will cry more because he'll want another cuddle. Don't stay more than 30 seconds. (Don't get me wrong -- I'm all for cuddling. But not when it's time to sleep.)
If LO wakes up in the night, do the same thing. Time the interval from the first cry.
If LO is just fussing, skip the check and see if he falls asleep on his own. Don't worry that he'll sit up and can't get back down -- he will learn.
For night feeds, if you want CC to work I think you need to do dream feeds. Set your alarm for a little before you think LO will wake up, go in and feed, put him back down. Send in your DP to handle any spontaneous wakings. The point is, don't feed in response to a waking. (After doing this for a short while it became obvious that our DD was not waking for food. Once she was trained we dropped dream feeds.) If you do the dream feed, you will not have to wonder, "Oh, is he crying because he's hungry?" A child of 9 months that eats what you described can definitely sleep through the night, I would think.
You've posted again and I see your DP is going to get more involved -- that's the best possible thing. All about managing baby's expectations. Your DP will also not have the same emotional reaction (at least mine didn't). I was all torn up about it but DH's view was, "She's tired, she needs to sleep, this is how we're helping her."
Anyway, I would start the new system at bedtime, but do exactly the same thing for naps, starting the day after you start at bedtime. Get a blackout blind if you don't have one -- it helped us a lot. At bedtime you never give up, but if LO hasn't fallen asleep for a nap after an hour of CC, pick him up and play for a while and then try again later. Naps are harder to fix so don't be surprised or discouraged. If LO doesn't get a good nap and you are worried it will affect nighttime sleep, go for a walk with the pram. (Lack of daytime sleep will cause night wakings!)
A dirty secret -- we stopped going in at all. We noticed after a few days that going in makes DD way more upset. I do go in if she isn't going down for her nap because she sometimes needs a nappy change. (She won't sleep with dirty nappy, and obviously I don't want her to.) Obviously I go in if she's ill, teething, etc.
Sorry this is so long but maybe something in it will help.
I don't mean to sound like a CC proponent -- I'm enthusiastic because it helped us so much. Definitely don't do it unless you and your partner are completely committed. It is hard to hear the crying and I couldn't have taken it if I didn't believe it was best for DD. (As it turned out, we had quick results, so now when there's crying I'm ruthless!)
Good luck to all three of you. In our case, it was the best thing for DD -- she was not getting enough sleep before.