This explains scores on ATOM from their FAQ
"When pupils sit a mock test, they are given a Standard Age Score (SAS), just like in a real adaptive test e.g. the ISEB Common Pre-Tests. This is their overall raw score adjusted for their age and placed on a scale relative to all other users on the platform.
The Standard Age Score takes into account the difficulty of the questions that were answered correctly and incorrectly to provide an attainment estimate. The attainment estimate is then standardised against all other users (taking age into account), to provide an estimate of where the student sits among all other users on the platform in terms of their attainment.
Just as the ISEB Common Pre-Tests, we use a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15; this means that if your child scores 100 in a mock test, 50% of students would have scored higher than them and 50% would have scored lower.
Please note that the Atom Learning SASs are standardised to students who have used the platform, who are predominantly students from top UK preparatory schools. This means that your child’s SAS scores on Atom will likely be lower than their CAT scores that are standardised across students nationally. Therefore, parents and students should not be disheartened if the SAS is much lower than they are used to - this is merely a reflection of the pool of students on the platform.
As our tests are adaptive, we do not use a percentage to grade the student. In an adaptive test, all pupils sit different questions and should roughly answer the same percentage of questions correctly, regardless of attainment - around 50%. Answering 50% of questions correctly allows the test-maker to derive the most accurate score for the student."
I don't know if ISEB uses a national average or the average of the pool of students sitting for that school to determine a pass rate.