'I think, though, that thinking all this through could be useful, because I am so used to trying to accommodate his worldview and see through his eyes that I am not sure what is reasonable and what isn't any more.'
'I spend too long trying to understand him!'
Yes, you do, and this is more of that.
Step back a minute. Now take a looong look at your opening post, all the 'introvert/extrovert' stuff. It's utter guff , isn't it?! Basically a whole list of justifications for bad behaviour/his behaviour, and why there's a Big Special Reason why it's all a-ok. No point in pulling it apart, others have done so, none of it makes sense, no it isn't any sort of accepted set of characteristics for 'extroverts', like it's a fucking star sign or something!
You sound smart and I'm sure you know that. You've just spent years being trained, or having to train yourself, to accept bullshit from him.
The best thing you could do is
a. Stop listening. Here's a big list of his nonsense: a massive cross-section of people have judged it as such. Next time he opens his mouth, why don't you just assume it's probably going to be bullshit, and even if it isn't, it's no longer of any use to you as information?
b. Stop caring. Let's just assume there's some big Insight here into this person's character - why is that of interest to you? It couldn't be less interesting surely: you've had the dubious pleasure of having this person's character thrust in your face for years, you've finally decided enough is enough - why on earth would you want to throw more good time after bad by spending time scrutinising his ramblings in order to think even MORE about his character?
Next time: Mm-hmm. Yes, I'm sure you're right. Must dash...