www.imperial.ac.uk/business-school/ib-knowledge/finance/how-central-banks-interest-rate-rises-affect-the-richest-and-poorest-families
low interest rates actually enhance the wealth of the richest families because they are able to access cheap credit to acquire assets. And their higher incomes further inflate the prices. For example, if you are a middle earner on £100k (combined or otherwise), you can maybe borrow £450k (4.5 times income). But someone on £200k can perhaps borrow up to 5.5 times income so that it is well over a million and it is over and above what you can afford. Due to the huge discrepancy in salaries/wealth, there is huge differences in what people can afford. Low interest rates further exacerbate this as it becomes cheaper to borrow against the value of your existing assets (which richer people tend to have) and that is why there are so many buy to let landlords. So while we could have borrowed cheaply in the past, most middle earners only have 1 property (unless they are older) and so compared to the rich who could accrue assets in the low interest rate environment, we were steadily getting poorer.
“There are some clear winners and losers. When rates fall, disposable income rises for high and low earners, but it’s households within the top one per cent of income who benefit most. We found a one percentage point drop in interest rates boosted the incomes of these top earners by five per cent over two years, while the lowest earners saw only a 0.5 per cent rise. Those in the middle saw an increase of 1.5 per cent in their income.
What is going on?
While lower rates do indeed boost employment, particularly among people with lower incomes, these higher earnings are eclipsed by the benefits the better off enjoy, in terms of healthier share dividends, better business income and cheaper interest costs.
We witness a similar imbalance if we examine the impact of lower rates on the value of assets such as property and stocks. Again, cheaper money brings gains across the board, but these are more pronounced among the better off. A similar rate drop over two years boosts the value of assets such as property by 20 per cent of disposable income among poorer families, but by 75 per cent at the top of the scale. Lower rates have a larger impact upon the value of assets than they do upon disposable income – and the wealthier have more financial and real assets. ‘