If you are in Europe and it is less that 40 years old, it is almost certain to be a Metric screw with a Pozidrive head.
If you measure the shaft it will be a whole number of millimetres across. For example 4mm or 6mm
Measure the length of the shaft (excluding the head)
For example it might be 8mm.
As it's on a WC you want a stainless steel one.
It looks like it has a pan head
You order Metric screws first by the diameter. So if it is 4mm you ask for an M4 screw. Note that M4 means it fits a nut, it's not a woodscrew, which is pointed with a spiral thread.
Then by the length. So if it is 10mm long you ask for 10mm
Then by the head type
So you would ask for (say) a Pozidrive, pan head, stainless M4 x 10mm screw.
And as if by magic...
The other thing in your photo is called a Sleeve Nut
Stainless is inclined to seize, ask for some Nut lock or Thread lock which is like glue, it also stops the screw from coming loose. You put it on the threads of the female part (otherwise it will be scraped off the male part when you insert it)