In Year 2 and Year 6, there is a prescribed standard children have to reach. In each of the other years, there is a programme of study that must be taught.
It stands to reason, that you can't teach 4 years' worth of study in 1 year, but each school is free to decide how it goes about teaching and assessing the subjects and materials to enable children to demonstrate that they have met the required standard at the end of years 2 and 6.
For each of reading, writing and mathematics, there are key performance indicators, which are broken down into strands of learning. For example, within writing, there is 'handwriting' as a strand. Each strand is assessed separately.
In my DD's school, children are assessed quarterly, and can either be 'Not on track' to meet expected standard, 'Close to' expected standard, 'Secure' in expected standard or 'Beyond' expected standard.
In their reports, we get a grid which shows each strand of each subject, and the assessment that was given at each assessment point (1,2,3, end of year) and the final assessment given against their Key Performance Indicator for each strand.
Interestingly, DD3 has spent most of the year Beyond in one strand of maths, but her KPI is still secure. Yet she has spent all year Secure in handwriting, but her KPI is Beyond, so the criteria must be very specific in her school. At the end of the day, it makes no difference to her at all.