I totally agree with the frustration and get that your child just wants to understand whether they did well or not.
But...
I fear homework is something of a political football ever since the Sutton Trust & Education Endowment Trust (bless their cotton socks) reported that doing homework in primary was of little or no benefit. source: educationendowmentfoundation.org.uk/uploads/toolkit/Teaching_and_Learning_Toolkit_%28Spring_2013%29.pdf - scroll down to homework on first table - in primary believed to only add 1 month's benefit.
Now there are several problems with this conclusion - but mostly it's based on no evluation of the quality of the homework being sent home.
I seriously doubt any teacher would say reading for 15 minutes + a night in YearR/ KS1 is of little or no benefit - but this study could be interpretted as such.
So a dose of common sense is rather needed here folks.
Moreover Sarah Montague (of Radio 4's Today Programme) did an amazing series of interviews with educators including John Hattie (Professor of Education at Melbourne who is behind the metadata analyses which support things like the Sutton Trust/ EEF tool kit) - have a listen to the interview and his thoughts on homework: www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04dmxwl
I personally have no problem with practice - for sport/ music/ art/ dance and education. I think that getting secure at reading and maths takes practice - repeating to build confidence/ fluency, challenge to apply skills in new ways and design elements (so encouraging imagination/ artistic skills/ etc....).
I fear most homework (and there wasn't much) St. Mediocre sent home didn't really fulfill a lot except repetition. We weathered 6.5 years of only green ticks on homework with no feedback for DD1 - the 0.5 period was in the run-up to a well announced OFSTED inspection - suddenly feedback was effusive.
Having been there and done that I think schools have a few issues:
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tendency to set the same homework for all pupils (resulting in a poor fit for some ability groups - e.g. too hard for struggling pupils and too easy for highly able pupils)
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tendency to set projects or research topics - which tend to necessitate parental & computer involvement. Not all parents enjoy that (and frankly many are surprised they have to be so invovled, as their parents weren't in the slightest when they were kids). Not all children have access to a computer.
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tendency to avoid 'flipped' learning. There are some fantastic and short educational videos out there - many of which could be accessed by a smart phone (which most people do have access to). So in theory you could suggest children watch a clip explaining how fractions work or what pi (sorry no symbol) actually is (the ratio of the diameter of the circle to the circumference - 3 and a bit). Learn about this at home- and then apply it in class and solve a few problems?
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tendency to poorly adopt new technologies - my maths/ bug club/ etc... all have brilliant games/ activities that more than qualify as homework/ can be tracked by the schools (proof the work is being done & information on achievement). Schools should be embracing this more - and again avoiding assigning the same exact piece of work to all the children - this can be differentiated. If a kid already knows how to add fractions - go to the next step for them. One real bug-a-bear is that often the homework or book (bug club) isn't uploaded. Schools should be making it a priority that staff can use these new technologies comfortably - not roll them out with little or no training.
The beauty of something like my maths or bug club is feedback to the pupil is instantaneous (know they got it wrong then and there) (the drawback of these programmes of course is there is no explanation to the child about what they got wrong - they just go away and try again).
I suspect that time to design a differentiated/ structured and entertaining homework policy for any topic (but let's just take maths) is extremely limited. But schools are teaching virtually the same skills year on year and subject Lead/ Heads are paid more for being subject Head/ Lead - so why doesn't that include leading on homework design for that subject?
So in primary where the context really is teaching the same thing (with minor changes) year on year, my question remains why not adopt something for homework that allows children to be challenged/ entertained whilst providing opportunity at practice which can be rolled out year after year. Sure one year you may not need to spend so much time on x3 (they all got that lickity split) - but you may be grateful of x7 resources or inverse multiplication fact resources, etc... or you may have a year where they don't get x3 or tripling and need extra work/ games/ ideas to improve. Again shouldn't those resources be in place already? You've been teaching x3 at that school for 100+ years.
At core, my experience has been homeworks are poorly explained, poorly thought out, often poorly photocopied worksheets out of Heinemann maths workbooks and rarely differentiated. Our primary was particularly problematic in that teachers did not share their resources - so a new teacher for that year had to reinvent the wheel (which strikes me as an enormous waste of time). I totally accept that isn't everywhere - but if educators wonder why homework in primary only adds 1 months' improvement - I suspect these are some of the reasons.