Campaspe
The Draft National Curriculum for Maths KS1-2 is here: media.education.gov.uk/assets/files/pdf/d/draft%20national%20curriculum%20for%20mathematics%20key%20stages%201%202.pdf - Schools aren't require to completely adopt this until 2014/2015 but most schools are moving in this direction. Y2 starts on Page 7.
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I agree with cleowen - keeping it simple really helps.
We found with DD1 that subtraction/ addition was o.k. up to 10 (and helped by playing snakes & ladders forward or backwards - first counting on, then in little jumps or 1 or 2 (so 5 was +2, +2, +1 spaces on done in head) and then in bigger jumps (2, 3, 4 or 5s). Eventually just in your head.
The trouble came with going over 10 (or under if subtracting) and having to carry over (borrow if subtracting). Our solution: 2 different objects maths. In our case we used things like grapes and raisins, small and big buttons, small & big lego pieces. We'd explain that 10 raisin (small buttons, small lego pieces, etc...) = 1 large grape (large button/ large lego piece/ etc....)
Then when adding over 10 the digit in the column (units or tens) became very visual:
So 8 + 12 = ?
grab 3 plates.
Plate 1 - place 8 raisins
Plate 2 - place 1 grape and 8 raisins.
Now we're adding them all together - so let's move all the raisins together on one plate and all the grapes on the other.
We have 1 grape - which we know = 10
We have 10 raisins - which is = 10 but also 1 grape.
So cash in the raisins for grapes.
We have two grapes.
Make a chart with two columns and draw a grape over the first column and a raisin over the second column.
How many grapes?
2
How many raisins?
Now cross out grapes and write tens and cross out raisins and write units.
Oh that's 2 tens and no units - which we write as 20.
Same concept for subtraction but cash in grapes for 10 raisins (or alternatives) when you need to subtract a large number from a smaller number - e.g. 12 - 8. Convert 1 grape to 10 raisins - you then have 12 raisins on a plate and can count out 8 and remove them. Whatever is left on the plate is your answer - in this case 4.
Then do the problem again on the paper with the grape and raisin columns. Get the answer. Scratch out grapes/ raisins & replace with tens/ units - bingo. Or 'Light bulb' as they say in Despicable Me.
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The apples vs. oranges problem.
Get in apples & oranges (enough to do the problem).
Set out 10 apples for the kids preferring apples and 5 oranges for the kids preferring oranges (you could draw these but it's more fun if you can pick things up somehow).
So one plate/ large bowl with 10 apples and one with 5 oranges.
Discuss ideas on how you can work out how many more kids prefer apples than oranges.
You could do all sorts of things.
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Arrange them on the floor in a column (please wash again before eating!). One column has 10 and one column has 5. Place a string/ ribbon across both columns at 5. Anything above that line is the extra kids liking apples.
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You could pair off oranges and apples and place them in another bowl. You'd take away five pairs of apples and oranges and you'd have 5 apples left and no oranges. So five more kids like apples than oranges.
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Ideas for practice.
BBC Bitesize KS1 Maths: www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks1/maths/ This is the revision for KS1 SATs (i.e. what a child should know/ school should cover).
Woodland Junior School Maths Zone: resources.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/maths/ - just select area (in your case addition/ subtraction) and there are all sorts of games to help grasp concepts, improve skills & build speed. You may need to explore a bit first to determine what is appropriate (you don't want it to be too hard) and you may have to be around to help type answers - but there are some great games here.
Mumsnet Learning has a link to Maths Champs and there is a 5-7 and 7 -9 section. It sounds like she's a bit weak and may need to reinforce skills and build confidence - so it may be an idea to start with 5-7 - but if you can find games in 7 - 9 it may boost her confidence as well. Link here: www.mathschamps.co.uk/#home
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In terms of APPS several parents have been on recently saying Squeebles is good. Info here: www.keystagefun.co.uk/maths-games.html
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It may seem odd but playing 'blackjack' or '21' as a family is really helpful. Play the game open handed so everyone can see the cards.
Explain Ace = 1, Jack/ Queen/ King = 10. The object is to either = 21 or get as close to 21 as you can. Each player is dealt two cards (maximum 20 pts) and they have to decide whether to pick a card or stay where they are. Winner is the closest to 21 or on 21. If you go over 21 your lose.
You can spice it up by betting smarties or sweets if you like.
Start off by helping with the addition, but gradually shift all adding work - not just your DC's hand - but all hands to the DC. Make silly mistakes, etc... - so DC wins or correct you.
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Several people (including me I fear) have also posted that joining on-line maths tutorials has really helped their children. There are tons out there - so this list isn't the only choices - but variously the following have been praised:
komodo maths: komodomath.com/
Maths Whizz: www.whizz.com/
Mathletics: www.mathletics.co.uk/
Mathsfactor: www.themathsfactor.com/
These are subscription services and prices vary - but it may be worth having a look at the websites and seeing if this might help. Many offer free trials so you have very little to lose.
My DD1 left Y2 at about the point your DD seems to be at. She was really struggling and just didn't get it. We went the mathsfactor route, but as I said others have really liked the other tutorials I've listed. I think it really depends on what appeals to your child. I don't know the other programmes so can't really speak about them - but mathsfactor with Carol Vorderman's indefatigable cheery tuition and slow and steady progress through concepts really suited my DD1. DD2 took much more quickly to math but was so jealous that she's done it all as well.
I had to help out a lot at first with typing in answers (and I think that will hold true whatever programme you do) - but they get the hang of things quickly and eventually you can just be about but not that involved. I think all of them keep track of progress and let parents know how they're doing.
HTH