Mrz
there are approx 175-180 ways to spell the 44ish sounds of spoken English.
Below u can see the 91 main English spelling patterns and their 114 variants. Several are used for more than one sound (e.g. ou in 'sound, soup - double') but they pose reading rather than spelling problems.
a: cat ? plait, meringue
a-e: plate ? wait, weight, straight, great, vein, reign, table, dahlia, champagne, fete
-ay: play ? they, weigh, ballet, cafe, matinee
air: air ? care, bear, aerial, their, there, questionnaire
ar: car ? are + (Southern Engl. bath)
au: sauce ? caught, bought, always, tall, crawl
-aw: saw ? (in UK with the same sound in: or, four, more)
b: bed
ca/o/u: cat, cot, cut ? character, kangaroo, queue
cr/cl: crab/ clot ? chrome, chlorine
-c: lilac ? stomach, anorak
-ck: neck ? cheque, rec
rocket - crocodile, soccer, occupy, liquor
kite/ kept - chemistry
seek - unique
risk - disc mosque
ch: chest ? cello
-tch: clutch ? much
d: dad ? blonde
e: end ? head, any, said, wednesday, friend, leisure, leopard, bury
ee: eel ? eat, even, ceiling, field, police, people, me, key, ski, debris, quay
--y: jolly ? trolley, movie, corgi
er: her ? turn, bird, learn, word, journey,
f: fish ? photo, stuff, rough
g: garden ? ghastly, guard
h: house ? who
i: ink ? mystery, pretty, sieve, women, busy, build
i-e: bite ? might, style, mild, kind, eider, height, climb, island indict sign
-y: my ? high, pie, rye, buy, i, eye
j: jug / jog
jelly, jig ? gentle, ginger;
-dg: fidget ? digit
gorge
k: see c: ...
l: lips ? llama
m: mum ? dumb, autumn
n: nose ? knot, gone, gnome, mnemonic
ng: ring
o: on ? cough, sausage;
want ? wont;
quarrel ? quod
o-e: mole ? bowl, roll, soul, boast, most, goes, mauve
old ? mould
-oe: toe ? go, dough, sew, cocoa, pharaoh, oh, depot
oi: oil ? oyster
-oy: toy ? buoy
oo: food ? rude, shrewd, move, group, fruit, truth, tomb,
blue, do, shoe, through, manoeuvre
good ? would, put, woman, courier
or: order ? board, court;
wart, quart ? worn, quorn
-ore: more ? soar, door, four, war, swore, abhor
ou: out ? town
-ow: now ? plough
p: pin
qu: quick ? acquire, choir
r: rug ? rhubarb, write
s: sun ? centre, scene
-ce: face - case
-cy: fancy - fantasy
sh: shop ? chute, sure, moustache, liquorice
-tion: ignition ? mission, pension, suspicion, fashion
-tious: ambitious ? delicious, luscious;
-cial: facial ? spatial
-cian: musician
t: tap, pet ? pterodactyl, two, debt
-te: delicate ? democrat
th: this thing
u: up ? front, some, couple, blood
u-e: cute ? you, newt, neutral, suit, beauty, tuesday, nuclear
-ue: cue ? few, view, menu
v-: van
-ve: have ? spiv
-v-: river ? chivvy
w: window ? which
x: fix ? accept, except, exhibit
y: yak ? use
z: zip ? xylophone
-se: rose ? froze
-si-: television
-su-: measure ? azure
Endings and prefixes:
-able: loveable ? credible
-al: vertical ? novel, anvil, petrol
-ary: ordinary ? machinery, inventory, century, carpentry
-en: fasten ? abandon, truncheon, orphan, goblin, certain
-ence: absence ? balance; absent ? pleasant
-er: father ? author, armour, nectar, centre, injure, quota
butcher ? picture
de-: decide ? divide
in-: indulge ? endure
Consonant doubling:
merry (regular) ? very(missing) ? serrated(surplus)
Masha Bell