''The two activities that resulted in worse achievement were: ?non-literacy activities? (such as play, drawing, colouring, crafts), and ?oral vocabulary? (language development, story discussions, show and tell, teacher instructions).''
Here are the 2 studies, Sittinginthesun:
''One remarkable study conducted in 1985 by Carr and Evans in Canada showed this by recording ?time on task? for each individual child on 50 occasions per child over several months. They then correlated ?time on task? with each child?s reading-test score. They found that ?ONLY three activities were positively and significantly correlated to reading skill: that is, the more time spent on these activities the higher the reading scores were. These are: practice segmenting and blending sounds in words (phonemes), specific phonics activities such as learning letter-sound relationships, and writing words, phrases and sentences, by copying or from memory?. The memorizing of sight words, lessons on vocabulary and grammar and listening to the teacher read showed strong negative correlations to reading scores ? in other words, the more time children spent on these activities, the poorer their reading test scores were.'' www.rrf.org.uk/archive.php?n_ID=173&n_issueNumber=59 These findings have been replicated by others -see 'Sumbler and Willows' study, below
''Interestingly, it was found that out of these ten activities, only two were highly correlated with success in reading and spelling. These two were: ?phonics? (which included all phonics activities involving print, letter-sound correspondences, blending, segmenting, detecting sounds in words all with printed form of the word), and ?letter formation? (which involved talking about the shapes of letters, writing letters and words in context of learning letter-sound relationships). These were the only activities that mattered in terms of subsequent reading and spelling performance. However, equally important was the finding that six activities made no difference whatsoever to reading and spelling success, and two activities were actually related to worse reading and spelling achievement. The six activities that made no difference were: ?Auditory phonological awareness? (in the absence of print), ?sight word learning? (learning to recognise whole words as units without sounding out), ?reading/grammar? (grammar or punctuation explanations, reading by children that appeared to be real reading usually with the teacher), ?concepts of print? (learning about reading, chanting pattern books), ?real writing? (included any attempts to write text), ?letter name learning? (included only the learning of letter names, not sounds). The two activities that resulted in worse achievement were: ?non-literacy activities? (such as play, drawing, colouring, crafts), and ?oral vocabulary? (language development, story discussions, show and tell, teacher instructions).''
rrf.org.uk/archive.php?n_ID=34&n_issueNumber=46