Out of the three breeds I would go for a Golden Retriever. (obviously... 
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Springers, well, the clue is in the name. They are extremely bouncy and energetic and that is what some people love about them, but some (I would I'm afraid) find it wearing. They are quite trainable, but there is a reason gundog folk say 'a Golden is born half trained, a springer will die half trained'... :runs and hides:
Cockers are quieter than srpingers IME. They can still be hyper, especially working types, but show types are much quieter and have a lovely temprement. As far as I am aware rage syndrome only occurs in solid dogs, predominantly reds and blacks and it pretty rare anyway. I haven't heard of any head/skull problems as Valhalla has mentioned. (any info Val?) Cockers are obviously smallest of the three. Their coats require a fair bit of maintenance unless you clip them, which I really hate, as why get a dog if you don't like the coat it has?
Goldens... well, what can I say?! The most kind, biddable and lovable dogs in the whole wide world! More seriously, they can be a little hyper as puppies, (that's a puppy thing!) but are generally very calm and easy. They are one of the most intelligent dog breeds apparently (coming after collies and GSD's). Their coats need regular brushing, but aren't overly inclined to get matted. They are pretty hairy, but the hair easily brushes off things. They could also find a wet, muddy puddle in the middle of the sahara! Everyone loves them, wherever you go people want to say hello to them, they are recognised everywhere as a wonderful family pet. (I have recently learnt this is not the case for staff crosses, no-one speaks to my foster pup! 
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I'll let you into a secret... I never wanted a Golden Retriever, I wanted a Rottweiler, Doberman or Labrador. I thought Goldens were quite ugly actually. 
My DH really wanted a Golden, so I agreed. I just cannot imagine my life without one now.