This behaviour sounds quite deliberately destructive. I would guess that it's either attention seeking, in which case you might need to make more time to focus directly on him and have positive time together, or he's locked into some kind of "him vs you" mindset - that can be caused if you're constantly doling out punishments but he's not really scared by the punishments, it means that you either need to dial them right up to establish the pecking order (FWIW, I would 100% not recommend this because I think it's outdated and cruel) or you should dial them down, pick battles, and focus more on the positive/encouragement/connection and in the meantime, just prevent or stop destructive behaviour without comment or blame. (Ignore the bad praise the good essentially).
Or he's searching wildly around for boundaries and is very confused. That can be caused if you're a bit inconsistent/want to be the "fun" parent/not very good at following through on what you say, struggle with him being upset (so give in often to avoid this) or there is generally not much order and life is quite unpredictable for him?
Or could it be diet or sleep related - chronic overtiredness, intolerances, undereating, high sugar diet. (Not that sugar makes kids hyper but constant bouncing blood sugar levels might do).
Or it's acting out trauma, sensory related or developmental - is he processing anything big in his life? Bereavement, relationship breakdown, house move, nursery change? Does he have other sensory quirks like being fussy over food/clothing, liking/disliking loud noise etc?
Does anything make him calm? What is he like when he's not being like this?