I'm assuming you're talking about bedding plants? For a 40cm pot the absolute minimum is one centre feature surrounded by six 'thrillers' and three 'fillers' (ie. six things round the edge, to trail down or go up, and three things that fill the middle space between them and the centre plant). This will look bare, though it will grow into itself. The maximum, I think, would be one centre with 5-6 'fillers' and 8-10 'thrillers'. This will look good more quickly.
You want to plant with a good handful of slow-release fertiliser (eg. osmocote) and a good handful of water-retention granules. Feed with a liquid feed (not too strong - little and often is best) once they're starting to flower well. If the plants start getting leggy/mostly over, cut back. I find the best way to do this is to do it on rotation - choose one sacrificial lamb, cut it hard back, then two weeks later, choose another. That way you should have a nice staggered display.
Two nice (or I think nice) combinations:
Pale, airy, blue-lilac-white:
An upright fuschia (say white king) or a scented geranium such as Attar of Roses, surrounded by trailing geraniums such as Viletta white, surfinias (white, or blue vein or the pale lime green), bit of bacopa snowflake or variegated ivy. A couple of nemesia and maybe white and blue/violet violas (I know violas aren't summer bedding but they'd work). Maybe a trailing begonia such as Santa Barbara (though begonias won't thrive until it's definitely warm).
Bold, complementary colours (colours nicked off Sarah Raven circa 2018, but nice):
Burgundy surfinias, lime surfinias, oreganum vulgare 'aureum' (golden oregano), bidens bee dance, nemesia lyric orange, fuchsia millennium. I wouldn't use classic 'fillers' here; I'd use the bidens and nemesia.
Not sure if that's what you meant?!