The easiest way to garden is to think first about what plants would grow naturally in similar conditions. In your case, very exposed, windy, and the pots will dry out quickly in hot weather. So think tough as old boots coastal plants and Mediterranean shrubs like red valerian, sea thrift, lavender, rosemary... Google plants for coastal gardens and windy gardens, there are lots of ideas.
The bigger the pot, the slower it dries out. Try and get ones where the base is the same size as, or not much smaller than, the top for stability. There's always the warning though - remember to check the load bearing capacity on the balcony if you're going for something massive especially if the pot itself is heavy.
I wouldn't go for that plastic greenhouse, it will be like a sail! Tomatoes should be ok outside if you start them off inside in baby pots and then plant out when it's warmer. Against a south-facing wall would be ideal and maybe you can shelter them a bit with strategic use of tougher plants as a wind break. There are trailing varieties used for hanging baskets. I'd try one of those so you don't have to worry about them catching the wind, keep them low.
Chillies really like warmth, have you got a sunny windowsill you could grow one or two plants in pots inside? Not sure how they'd cope with wind. Strawberries - not sure, you'd need to be careful about keeping them watered. It's always worth trying things though! At least you won't need to worry much about pests. though I have bastard aphids all over the little rose bush on my balcony.
Also, about compost. For my own big pots, I used compost that's all organic matter (peat free for environmental reasons but basically the same as peat compost) and not sure it was the best choice, as it shrinks down and doesn't hold water so well, so I'm adding some soil in there to get a better balance. I think what I probably should have used is John Innes compost which has ordinary soil as part of the formulation and is heavier. I'm not an expert on this! Tomatoes need lots of nutrients, but the sort of plants which I suggested for coastal and exposed areas really don't, so I wouldn't add any fertiliser or anything.
Probably a good idea to start off with a few things and then add more as you see what works rather than doing everything all at once. But you could have a lovely collection of mini shrubs and maybe grasses that work together as a medium height windbreak, stick some spring and early summer bulbs in there too, and they wouldn't need too much attention. Good luck!