No, you don't have to have a big kitchen/pantry thing. I have the tiniest house you can imagine, 9ft square rooms, no storage space etc. and I have enough food storage to see us through at least 3 months in an emergency.
I have one lonely cupboard in the house, under the stairs. In it I keep my freezer (no space in the kitchen) and my OH's wardrobe (we don't have a bedroom.) I also keep a pile of big plastic, lidded, stackable boxes in which I keep things like packets of beans, lentils, yeast, sugar, breakfast cereal, pasta, couscous, semolina, bulghur wheat, angel delight, teabags... anything in a packet, really. I have shelves around it which are stacked with things like tinned toms, tinned beans, tinned fish, condensed soup, fruit juice, squash, dried milk, coffee, baking powder, tinned veg...things in containers or tins. I buy flour by the sack from the mill and keep it in the cupboard as well. It's a tight squeeze
In my kitchen units, I keep things like extra jars of honey, treacle, syrup, big boxes of things like brown rice, soya mince, barley, different kinds of beans. The box that I keep my unstored rice in holds 5kgs, likewise the box that holds my unstored pasta. Because they are in sealed boxes in a cupboard they are fine, even though the kitchen is tiny and humid from the constant cooking and they take up less room than lots of packets and parcels.
In my shed, I keep boxes of jars of things like jams, chutneys, pickles, rosehip syrup, pie fillings etc. that I make at harvest times to see us through the year. The shed is also where I keep the bulk bottles and boxes of washing up liquid and soap powder that I buy. I decant these into smaller bottles and boxes for the kitchen as and when I need them. I just keep things like packets of toilet rolls stacked in a corner of the bathroom. A bit unsightly but I have nowhere else for them to go.
I have a bit of a paranoia about running out of stuff and having no money to buy more, so I always buy more than we need so that I can store some It's cheaper, as well, to buy big packs of things and it saves on packaging.