I think it's helpful to separate out what we're talking about with 'training'. Do we mean training engineers, or hairdressers, or builders, or plumbers? Do we mean training as a euphemism for old-style professional apprenticeships or the lack of entry-level jobs, even clerical jobs, with training given over a few weeks/months that have been replaced by unpaid 'internships'?
It's a big area, with lots of competing determinants.
For what it's worth, I'm not sure old-style apprenticeships - of the engineering kind - can ever return, for many reasons. Likewise, the rise of short-term training for entry-level jobs, being replaced by the push for young people to train themselves, free, by taking unpaid internships, is fuelled by a very different job market. And I'm not sure it's easily solved.
What we do have is bespoke university courses, providing the accreditations that we associate with old-style apprenticeships (eg. nursing, engineering for the car industry), that you have to pay for yourself.
In some ways, it's better (the accreditation is objectively awarded, by a recognisable body; it's transferrable - important in a job market where no-one can stay with one firm for life) and in some ways, it's worse (it's very expensive; you don't get paid whilst doing it).
Moreover, there is a real question as to whether there is enough of a manufacturing base in the UK to make old-style apprenticeships viable. Is the manufacturing base in the UK large, secure and disparate enough for a firm to be able to guarantee the breadth of experience and opportunities to train and then retain its trainees?
I suspect there are many, many determinants to the 'training' situation in the UK, it's complex and heterogenous. Attempts to re-introduce apprenticeships have been a bit of a failure. And I suspect that is down to a lack of analysis of the present situation and actual needs (of potential employees and employers).
The one thing any serious change in the present set-up would require would be a massive investment in a re-organising of infrastructure (serious analysis, review, and establishment of overseeing bodies; analysis and reorganisation of need; re-organisation of tax system to acknowledge and fund training both by the state and by organisations that undertake training).
I can't see that happening with Brexit.
Moreover, what we have at the moment - training undertaken through university degrees, with links to business, both through businesses input into requirements and aims (present and future), practical experience, as well as subsequent recruitment of graduates - has been put at serious risk by Brexit already.
Those university-based training programmes attract recruits globally. They are a modern form of apprenticeship, I guess, that is non-local to the UK, and not tied to the UK. Teresa May's insistence that those global graduates be counted as immigrants was extremely threatening. No wonder she's being asked to climb down on that.
I think it's a shame that there was a move to reduce salaried apprenticeships. It's closed off an important avenue to professional employment for a whole section of young people and, for others, it has meant that avenue remains open only by incurring a lot of debt. But there are many reasons why it happened - and I'm not sure it's easily replaced.
What is the situation in Germany?
I thought that a lot of the third tier education system in Germany was very much geared towards training towards a particular career? In which case, it is not so dissimilar to the vocational degrees on offer in the UK? Are there more apprenticeships? How do they work? Is there more guaranteed employment within Germany after an apprenticeship or vocational degree? (In the UK, for example, those university-based vocational qualifications are popular with students who my not envision remaining within the UK). How is re-training organised?