UQD I largely agree with MT's sentiments in her 'no such thing as society' speech but it goes against the principles of emergence theory.
"Every resultant is either a sum or a difference of the co-operant forces; their sum, when their directions are the same -- their difference, when their directions are contrary. Further, every resultant is clearly traceable in its components, because these are homogeneous and commensurable. It is otherwise with emergents, when, instead of adding measurable motion to measurable motion, or things of one kind to other individuals of their kind, there is a co-operation of things of unlike kinds. The emergent is unlike its components insofar as these are incommensurable, and it cannot be reduced to their sum or their difference." (Lewes 1875)
individuals, collectively find the best solutions for problems imposed upon them by an unpredictable, complex and changing environment? And that bundles of stupid nerve cells, which function according to physical rules, develop into an intelligent brain that ultimately reaches self-awareness? The book takes on these and many more stimulating questions, and Johnson shows that a small number of rules can create 'global wisdom' in complex systems. In detail, these rules are: (i) take a huge number of individuals, (ii) make each of these individuals relatively simple, (iii) let them interact on a random basis and (iv) tell them to pay attention to their neighbours.
These rules are easy to understand if we apply them to systems that obviously demonstrate emergence. An individual ant has a 'micro-performance', but a colony exhibits a 'macro-behaviour', which cannot be predicted on the basis of observing a single organism. The entire system has to be observed at work to discover the global behaviour. Ten thousand 'dumb' ants collectively become smart, calculating the shortest routes to food supplies without any choreographer who can see the bigger picture. This has been attributed to 'swarm logic', a strategy now successfully applied in designing computers. And swarm logic is also the