My younger 2 DC are/were being taught via the Singapore Maths Method in state primary, England. https://www.singaporemath.com/pages/what-is-singapore-math
To think pictorally, deepen understanding, spot methods, then practice.
So you first understand, then you practise a lot (the latter part is ROTE but first you need to understand patterns, it is also very visual these days). Large part of Reception was spent counting every increasing numbers of e.g. Ladybirds or Frogs. The intertwining of the concrete and abstract and then the rote.
So timetables, understand the 2x, doubling/halving then appreciate that 4 times tables is double the 2s. Then onto the 8 times table. How does the 12 times relate to the 4 times table etc. Homework is stuff such as explain various tricks on how to solve the different times tables.
Number bonds are no longer just to 10= 1+9, 10=2+ 8 etc. It is now also how to make 9 in every shape or form. Take 52 - it is no longer just 50+2 - you also need to show 40+12, 30+22 etc etc in KS1.
I am fascinated by Maths, but never engaged in it properly myself beyond O Level. My eldest is good at Maths and really good at Music, Languages and Verbal Reasoning (aces that completely). 2nd kid also good at the former, but really aces Non Verbal Reasoning (quite a high standard at verbal reasoning as well). He could do all the high end UK Maths Challenges because his brain unlocked both Verbal and Non Verbal Reasoning (the latter being a different form of pattern spotting than verbal reasoning, it seems). My DD who always got cold feet with Non Verbal Reasoning at a high level, also eventually got cold feet with Maths. It is difficult to tell though what is a question of confidence vs ability. I suspect a machine does not get that, the lack of confidence.
So OP I think the Reasoning stuff is important and connecting both sides of the human brain somehow. How to do both successfully. Method/Trick and Rote as well, in the right combination. Have at your disposal various methods and apply 1, then the next until you see the pattern. Every human brain will be working differently and find one or another method easier. I think that is where we need to get to in teaching.
Let’s take a GCSE paper- why do they have to be able to apply and show application of just 1 method in a particular question? What if their brain works differently and there are various methods. You can be really good at Maths in your brain, but not understand the way the question is worded because the interlink written language/maths can be difficult. So you can get a kid that aces the questions that are just numerical but then finds the worded questions in English language harder.
My own personal view is that Maths is like Reading, should be practised daily in small doses so it becomes familiar, like a Language, to boost confidence too. This is why countries like India and China ace Maths and we don’t (this is a vast generalisation, obviously). Our state school had also started Chinese style daily exercising and brain breaks, run the daily mile in the playground, dance to the Music in the classroom etc. Apparently some Music makes kids learn Maths better, something in the rhythm?
I do not think that there is such a thing at being bad at Maths or even Music or learning a 2nd language. It is all about early exposure, good teaching, practice and the former 3 lead to confidence and pleasure.