Sorry Poppins, but I disagree with some of what you say.
"behaviour is learned" Not 100% sure about this one. DS1 (5) always has been well behaved (as much as small children are! He's not an angel 100% of the time) DS2 (3), however, is a loose cannon. Both have had the same upbringing, the same parenting techniques, the same approach to discipline but they are entirely different children. DS1 would (and still does) sit on the bottom stair to calm down after doing something "naughty" - he would even walk there himself if asked to! DS2 would/will not stay there at all. BTW, the stair is never the Naughty Stair, just a time out place where they could think about their behaviour. My point is that behaviour is more to do with the personality of the child.
Tantrums are more than the child misunderstanding situations. My personal favourite is when DS1 (2.5 at the time) threw a wobbly when I explained to him why he couldn't carry DS1 in his car seat. He didn't calm down when I let him try either! I don't think this was due to me letting him misunderstand the situation.
Anyway, different things work with different children and for different people!
My current discipline scheme is the pasta jar which I've wittered on about here there and everywhere. One jar, 5 pieces of pasta, give them piece for good behaviour, remove them for "bad", count up the pieces on a Saturday morning and give 10p for each piece, reset jar to 5 pieces. This seems to appeal to my DSs need for money (!), it allows for reward as well as punishemnt (which is v. important in my mind) and all I have to do to bring DS2 into line is threaten to take pasta away from him. He calms down immediately! It works for DS1 anyway, but he is the more easily controllable child anyway.
Charliecat, your DD1 sounds a lot like my DS2 as he protests loudly an violently when punished. When bargaining (eg I say "If you do X, you can have Y" he now counters with "If you let me have/do X, I won't punch you" !! Heaven knows where he got that one from! In angelic mode, he says that if you let him do X , he'll give you a hug which is better!!