I homeschooled my own children successfully, but I want to tell you about my 14 year old nephew OP.
He has ADHD, is dyspraxic and has learning delay/difficulties. He struggles with emotional regulation, impulsivity, and understanding the link between consequences and behaviour. In that latter respect it's almost like a toddler where you need to repeat over and over again why doing ABC will lead to XYZ.
He went to primary school normally and seemed to be ok. Was a very inquisitive child, always talking about little facts he learned in class.
However the problems started when he transitioned to secondary school. That was where he started to experience multiple issues and negative association. He had a SENCO but it made fat difference.
Firstly, despite his problems and SEN being well documented he was very much expected to behave like the neurotypical children. He was expected to arrive at school on time on every occasion despite having chronic insomnia and punished with detention if he was late. He was asked to leave classrooms by teachers when he struggled to concentrate in class despite it being very obvious that it was impossible for him to sit for hours or he was desperately tired and irritatedly told to just 'get on with something else' whilst the rest of the class engaged with the lesson, meaning he learnt nothing. He couldn't write at the same pace and sometimes was told to finish the work after class. Eventually provided a laptop, but he wasn't very fast on that either.
He would regularly come home in tears because a teacher told him to leave the room, admonished or told him off, or because other classmates received certificates for good progress and he never ever received any.
Often late home due to multiple detentions. Many of his former cohort did not move up into the same secondary he did, as his school was chosen by his parents mostly for their supposedly good work with SEN provision and statemented children. This turned out to be untrue. And children just being children, none of the higher achieving neurotypical children wanted to hang around with him either, so he felt completely left out.
He was assigned a one-to-one, but each time he started to engage with the one-to-one the person was switched out. Taken away for small group learning periods, but this included children with a vast range of different SEN and it was very watered down so as to accommodate everyone. He started to feel resentful and like he was being treated as if he was stupid. When in fact he is very bright, but struggles with information processing.
His mum and dad would receive multiple emails and requests for meetings about his behaviour and calls to pick him up when they were at work. The stresses built up until he started school refusing. That led to even more calls and threats of fines to his parents. Sometimes in exasperation, they would go along with the school and still physically drag him in whilst he would be having crying and screaming anxiety-fueled melt downs. Then he started to receive regular partial exclusions
Eventually my nephew decided that since all efforts to engage just got him nowhere, and he wasn't considered to be academically worth bothering with and, in his immature mind, his parents were 'on the school's side and didn't care about miserable he was' he would just give up. He now was totally switched off to education.
He started to fall in with the children who had gang affiliations on the outside of school and started consuming gang related online content. Now he enjoyed the detentions. It meant he could have a cover for coming home late whilst roaming the streets with older children. This messed with my SILs work as she would have to try and find him in her car. Now when he was told to leave the class it added to his kudos. Going in late started to become something he did on purpose. At one point he threatened another child because it was requested by another gang affiliated person online. The school now identified him as vulnerable to gang related activity. He started stealing after school with a gang that included other boys in his class and school leavers. His parents were at the point of despair. The school called the police on one occasion.
We all tried to talking to him for months. It was like talking to someone thoroughly brainwashed. Like someone with a cloud over their brain. Add to the fact that he had a struggle determining consequences, and my attempts to explain the negative outcomes of his behaviour and things like knife crime went through one ear and out the other. He would speak completely nonsensical untruths in front of me. Stuff like 'being stabbed doesn't hurt' and 'the law of Karma' (street karma). He told me he hated school, hated sciebce and geography (which he previously loved) hated history, hated learning and 'knew he wasn't clever'. Started quoting examples of performers in music and in sports who never had an education but were successful. Any attempts to explain that this was a rare outcome, fell on deaf ears. Finally he threatened to acquire a knife without our knowledge.
I had home educated my own children 15 years before. My SIL decided that the outlook for my nephew was bleak and seeing what the positive outcome for my children had been she would pull him out of school and try H.E.. She and my brother did this due to feeling they had absolutely no other choice. For them the decision was drastic. But they had received only one route forward. The school based route. My nephew was looking at being eventually permanently expelled and sent to a centre for children not in mainstream school where he would be completely lost to negative social reinforcement. His mum worked part time and felt she could manage it.
My Brother and SIL home education attempts were not wholly successful. My nephew resisted all attempts at any sort of book based, or I.T based learning. Wouldn't go out to field or museum trips either. My SIL felt stuck. Plus the realism of working and HE caught up with her. I live quite far away so I only travelled to visit a few times. During those times I would see my nephew hanging around in his pyjamas, ostensibly only playing computer games. I started privately wondering whether I should discreetly call social services to see what support they might offer.
Fast forward 18 months later and I went for a visit. I sat on the sofa whilst SIL popped out to get some takeout leaving me with my nephew.
My nephew slowly sauntered downstairs in his pyjamas, grunted what was I watching?
It was the news. I steeled myself for some bland disinterest and some stupid conversation about knives.
Is it about Ukraine? he casually remarked 'I don't like Joe Biden, he's not a strong president or he'd provide stronger air defence'
then:
"Do you know what the largest thing alive on earth is?"
I was literally speechless. He hadn't spoken like that or asked me a question like that since he was 10 years old. I gave a guess "The Blue Whale?"
"Nope it's a Forest" He then told me all about the Aspen Forest in Utah." Can I show you?"
"Sure" I said. I then watched in complete incredulity as he voluntarily turned the TV onto YouTube and showed me an animation all about it. And it didn't stop there, we ended up watching video after video about loads of random topics. His mum came back and we all spent hours watching together.
I had to hide my tears of joy from him.
It's been 3 years and he has gradually turned back into the child who has interest into the world around him, into learning new facts.
The issue is it's very self determined and not at all linear. It's not going to result in him achieving any GCSEs at the same stage that his neurotypical cohort will.
However I consider that the decision to HE has very possibly saved my nephew's life. He no longer talks about crime, the street, gangs with avid fascination and shows interest in normal stuff again. Is able to absorb and digest learning content and best of all has restored his sense of curiosity and inner motivation. He is now saying he would like to work looking after animals.
By formal standards it's a complete failure as compared to school based education.