I think there is very little point in trying to apportion "blame" for what has happened here - the OP has their side of the story and others have another version. But this seems to be a relatively small workplace, so I don't think it will "die down".
And I am not convinced that any form of grievance will do anything except make things worse.
Sorry OP - I think you need to find a new job. It was very unwise to complain about your work to a new colleague - basically someone you do not know and should not have trusted so easily. You continued to trust her and speak to her despite having been told not to speak to her by your manager, and you were still believing that she wasn't saying what your manager said she did. Of course she said it all. Why would they all be lying?
I know that in your previous thread you had a lot of people saying your manager and colleagues were at fault, and perhaps they were at fault to a degree. But I have come across her type before. New employee, mental health problems, befriends one person who is perhaps a little naive, gets all the gossip, makes up some more, goes off sick, blames colleague for her sickness and all the trouble because she's hoping to get a bit of a payout ....
It's poor form to gossip in work about colleagues at all, but 200 people will come along in a minute to say that it happens all the time. And they are right, It does. And is then responsible for this kind of situation. Best not to gossip, and if you must, practice only nice comments. Make friends not at work - it's hard enough making and trusting friends at all, but you can't easily walk away from work like you can friends outside work.