I too think it is both.
I used to live overseas in a small, very overpopulated place. There are so many DC, versus resources, that they have 2 school shifts in a day. One starts really early, and the other in the afternoon. Class sizes are 35. Despite this, these DC are one of the highest educated in the world. They are top in maths globally. The reason is that the culture there is one of “education is everything. It is the answer to all problems” and the parents and government support this. A teacher can stand in front of 35 DC and they will listen, and they are respectful. Learning doesn’t stop with school, they all carry on doing courses and self development afterwards. There is a “Life Long Learning” campaign by the government. As a result of living there my DC have done really well in school back in the UK because this culture and attitude to learning really rubbed off on me. Funny how back here, I am criticised by friends and peers for being obsessed with education, and harsh on my DC, but I am often told my 2 are well rounded, have healthy doses of self esteem and humility and are resilient.
Yes, there are budget issues here in the UK, but there are some very deep rooted attitude and behavioural problems. I saw it at my own state school 40 years ago, and it has only got worse.
One thing that boils my blood here is that people think we have no resources or opportunities here in the UK. It is laughable. We get to go to school and college for free. We have access to fast internet, libraries, 2nd hand book shops and resources online. We have top Universities. Once you leave school and Uni you can access lots of courses and self development. Since lockdown I have done 3 Free courses online that I have added to my CV things I have no connection with whatsoever. If I want to learn something I can find it very easily locally or online.
But the question is, do we take advantage of all these resources? No we don’t. Very few of us develop ourselves, despite everything around us. We have taken all our educational opportunities for granted.
My DC have done very well at school. I put this down to the discipline I instilled at home, and the support we gave them. They are expected to work hard and get good grades. If my DC came home and they had bullied someone or been disrespectful to a teacher, they would be in a lot of trouble. I’d been told loads of times in parent evenings that my DC are kind, respectful, engaged and a delight to teach.
You can throw as much money as you want at schools, but if there is no discipline, poor behaviour, and a large chunk of the DC don’t want to learn, it is pointless. I have a good friend who is a supply teacher in our area, a nice MC leafy suburb. She now says she won’t go to two of the local schools as the DC (mostly year 9-11) are too abusive to the teachers. I work with a lot of 16-25 year olds and they just have no ambition or work ethic and it infuriates me that Kier Starmer wants people like me, who give a very massive shit about my DC’s education, to get back in my box, and not get above my station by sending my enthusiastic DC to an independent school.