Sunak received 139k as PM and 293k as interest/dividends from savings and investments in 2022/2023. He paid £163,364 income tax on this £432,884 income - an effective rate of 37.7%. A teacher (in the pension scheme) on £38k in 22/23 would pay £7680 in tax and NI - an effective rate of 20.2%.
In addition he sold some investments with a Capital Gain of £1.8m on which he paid £359,240 CGT at 20%. People say why isn't CGT charged at the same rate as income tax. It used to be.
This gain could have come from a £3m investment he made in March 2015 that he sold for £4.8m in September 2022. We have no idea of the actual figures and we will never know. This is just an example to show how CGT works now and used to work in previous decades.
Before CGT was simplified to the current system (changes started by Labour in 2008) an allowance for inflation called indexation was applied and the taxpayer paid CGT at the same rate as their income tax. This indexation was reasonable as prices increase by inflation so an investment could be expected to have equivalent purchasing power years later when it was sold, and tax was only payable on any increase above inflation.
Under this far more complex system, the £3m purchase price would have been increased by RPI indexation from Mar15 to Sep22 which is 35.2%, so for tax purposes the purchase price would be £4.056m, the taxable gain would thus be £4.8m-£4.056m = £744,000 on which tax would be paid at 45%. The tax would thus be £334,800. As you can see this is a little less but very close to the amount paid under the current CGT system, yet the CGT is being paid at 45%. This system was used throughout the Thatcher, Major, Blair and part of Brown's government.