Here is an example of how NHS dentists in Scotland get paid.
A child requires a tooth extraction. The procedure usually takes half an hour. If poor cooperation, which happens a lot, the extraction might not be able to go ahead, so the 30 minutes is effectively wasted, and the patient reappointed.
But say for example the patient extracts the tooth in 30 mins. In Scotland there is a fee per item system. The practice receives that money, which equates to an hourly rate of £20.30.
The practice keeps half of that ( ratio 50:50) order to pay the nurse ( doesn't cover hourly rate of nurse), materials, sterilisation, admin, utility bills, various insurances, PPE, computer software etc etc...
The associate dentist gets the £10.15 for the hour they work ( normal apportionment is 50:50)
They need to put approximately 25% away to taxman. Then they also need to ensure they have paid for their indemnity, their uniform, their GDC license to practice, their transport costs,
In summary, the dentist who is carrying out the NHS extraction has earned about £5 or £6 an hour after expenses.
The practice is working at a considerable loss.
Of course some items on the NHS are slightly higher remuneration, but generally the the figures aren't stacking up any longer. Every time I make a denture on the NHS it actually costs me money now.
Dentists really have no option but to supplement NHS with private in order to break even.