Jumpers and other clothing rely on trapping your body heat. If you layer up when you're warm, they're pretty useful.
When you're cold, your body will direct blood circulation and heat to the core and leave the extremities to go cold. Layering up at this point isn't very effective because there's not much surface heat to retain, and an external heat source will help. Cold water swimmers will use hot drinks and hot waterbottles to add external heat and get the core temperature up. I find it better not to layer up heavily straight away because it then traps the cold in and stops my body warming in the heat of the car if I'm driving soon after.
I'm usually happy to put extra layers on before reaching for the heating switch. If my nose has gone cold, it'll either take warmer air or movement to warm it up rather than an extra layer.
People were more active in the past. They'd have had more muscle mass which would boost the metabolism. They'd have spent less time sitting around in the evening (poorer lighting) and would have gravitated to fires. Poorer people would have shared beds which also shares body heat. Sharing with animals too.
My body gets warm easily through movement, but cools off when sedentary. I've got a heated throw because I find that the school run gets me warm and sweaty, but skin cold and then I end up feeling chilly for a long time after because I cool off too rapidly from not being thoroughly warm
I might wear a t-shirt when walking outside at 16-18⁰C. I wouldn't sit in that temperature, unless it was in warm sun and sheltered, but the sun would feel warmer from the radiated heat than the air temperature. Humidity tends to make temperatures feel cooler, as will draughts.
I keep a thermometer in the lounge. I'm happy at 20-21⁰C. Below 18⁰C and I'll tend to need to heat the room unless I'm being active. The thermometer is placed at knee height because that represents where we sit at. It would be warmer up the wall. The thermostat is useless up a wall in the hallway and doesn't reflect actual temperatures.