(TL;DR - if I were managing this, I would ensure there was a zero-cost way for employees that have a problem with it. Especially if you worked in a role where you were not allowed a mobile device on the shop floor.)
Seems this thread has descended into a vat of deliberate ignorance, with some posters staking their position in advance of understanding the broad picture, let alone the nuances.
Generally my view is that if you are expected to make & take calls away from your desk then you should be supplied with a mobile, contract, pink fluffy case and so on.
But if you are at a desk I'd set up a voip softphone.
There's a middle ground where you can install the voip softphone onto a personal phone so people can call you without needing your personal number.
(Ideally I'd put everything through voip as all calls get recorded.)
None of which has anything to do with 2/MFA which can be delivered without a fucking phone anyway.
At a very minimum, 2FA should be mandatory for any connection made from outside the premises.
Our setup is simple login to computer, but then 2FA into any system from there. We use gSuite (or whatever it's called this week) so you get challenged logging into that, then you can use your gMail account to access further systems. In addition some systems also mandate 2FA (hence my keyring of sites on my authenticator).
In my previous role, we were processing very vulnerable peoples data under various DWP contracts. These contracts allowed the DWP to rock up anytime to conduct a data security audit. It would have been a serious breach if they found (a) employees without ID badges, and (b) employees accessing systems without MFA
Having left that, I'm under the PCI-DSS cosh (not for the first time in my career) and while they aren't quite so hot on ID badges, they are on network segregation and ensuring verified access by - guess what ? - MFA.
This is hardly the bleeding edge of security. I was using an RSA token 16 years ago.
Meanwhile, it still seems industry SOP to call me up and demand that I prove my identity to some random caller. Worse than that: some random caller who can't understand why I don't want to tell them anything