I work in a primary school.
They use topics to teach the various areas of the curriculum. The smaller topics are covered in half a term. The longer ones will take almost the whole term. Topics will usually include crafts, science experiments and a visitor or two.
Trips usually have to be subsidised by the school as the catchment is in a deprived area. Each year group gets one subsidised trip per year, usually involving a coach trip and the entrance fees to somewhere within a 2-hour drive.
Staff might be allowed a second trip if they can raise the hundreds of pounds in subsidies and persuade enough parents to also pay the cost of the rest of the trip. As you can probably imagine, that's quite a rare thing to happen.
There is one residential trip that takes place in Yr6. We try to keep costs as low as possible and use all available funding to pay for those who receive PP, but there are still children who are unable to go.
They also do free local visits that can be accessed on foot eg local parks, libraries, churches etc. However, as we're not in a big city there isn't all that much available locally.
Even local trips will require extra staff/helpers to come along. Budget cuts mean that there aren't as many TAs as there used to be that could be 'borrowed' from other classes. Most parents are either working or have younger children that they have no childcare for.
It's cheaper to pay visitors to come into school, so that's something that happens more regularly. Sometimes a member of staff will have relatives or friends who will do this for free.
Music is part of the curriculum but it tends to be quite basic. There used to be funding for specialist teachers and workshop providers to come in, but this has now gone. A lot now depends on the skills of individual teachers and whether or not they can play/read music.
PE is usually twice a week for everyone. We're fortunate that we can use specialist sports coaches for a relatively low cost.
Art and crafts materials are very thin on the ground in our school due to budget constraints. Teachers will often spend their own money on this to give the children a better experience.
Staff give up their time to offer free clubs after school and sometimes at lunchtimes. These include sports clubs, art clubs, choir, dance, and drama clubs.
Local primary schools seem to be in the same position. Many of the 'extras' depend on the individual members of staff giving up their time/money or having the right contacts to get something at a lower cost.