@Camomila
I've heard some pagans talk about a Goddess, but also others say they are atheists which I found a bit confusing, are there quite a lot of beliefs sort of under one loose umbrella?
Is there a concept of an afterlife, and is it a heaven type place, or reincarnation?
When people talk about magic/spells, do they expect it to literally 'work' or is it more like meditation/asking for understanding?
(I'm sorry if I've said a lot of huge misconceptions there, my knowledge mainly comes from tv/books etc)
Yes - Paganism is a huge umbrella term for lots of different beliefs and there are huge variances in belief. This is a quick crash course but I can elaborate further if you would like me to!
Some pagans are atheist - they tend to revere nature but do not believe in any god/goddess. If they practice witchcraft then any power they have they draw from themselves or from natural sources.
Some like me are theist. I acknowledge the existence of the divine and call on the Gods as and when I feel the need. Some pagans worship their gods, I do not.
Most pagans (not all ) believe in an afterlife. The Summerlands is a popular one where we will meet up with those we have lost. There isn't generally a concept of heaven and hell nor of redemption. My own faith does have the concept of reincarnation but more in the sense of rebirth. The cycle will continue until we have experienced all that is to be experienced and become one with the divine.
Norse based paganism has a complicated afterlife structure in which where you go depends on what you did in life but again this is not based on good or evil but more on your role in life.
Yes spells are considered to work by those who practice spellcraft, Again (!) not all pagans do. They are active in that the practitioner does the work for themselves unlike a prayer where you are petitioning a deity or other entity to do the work for you. Meditation can be used in spell work but is more often a way of obtaining information, exploring the realms or just communing with the natural world.
Hope this helps - if there is anything else then do ask away!