I can definitely see the camel-breaking straw there!
But yeah, you can't punish her when she didn't actually break your phone.
However, I agree with the "stop buying yoghurts" option (or at least get non-dairy ones and if they don't like it, too bloody bad). I also totally agree with your stance on not buying your careless DD another phone if she breaks the current one.
But why IS she so careless? You say it's a disrespectful thing but has she always been careless, losing or damaging things, or is this a new puberty-related issue?
As you can see, plenty of people already can't understand why you're frustrated about your DD's behaviour here because nothing happened THIS TIME - your DD will be one of them too, and would always remember how UNFAIR you were to punish her when nothing was actually wrong, so let this one go.
I do understand that it's not this particular thing, it's just the whole set up. My DH is like your DD - he can't understand why I'm upset when nothing actually went wrong, and can't for the life of him process what could have happened, when it didn't. This is why he didn't zip the net on the trampoline until DS1 fell out onto the concrete; and why he didn't stop his mother from taking DS1 swimming in the lake until he had to jump in and rescue them both from drowning because she lost her footing. He is reactive, not proactive. And focuses only on the minutiae of what actually happens rather than the bigger picture. (Lots of people do).
Stroppy tweens are a real PITA - I have one myself, who at 12 believes he's already an adult (doesn't help that he looks at least 14!) - and it's wearisome, to say the least.