Spectacle refraction isn't an exact science, you can have two prescriptions done on the same day and get easily get two different results, the difference is usually only +/-0.25DS/DC which is actually the tolerance on a pair of spectacle lenses. Many people's eye sit within this +/-0.25D window, and some fall outside.
It is really important that you bring your glasses to a test as it will determine what prescription I give to you, combined with your history and symptoms. For example for a 43 year old who is on the cusp of presbyopia, but who is complaining that their distance vision is blurred, I'm going to recommend a different prescription to someone of the same age, who is happy with their distance vision.
We stopped under correcting about 20 years ago as there were several studies which showed that it made myopia progress more quickly.
Here is one of the studies; this particular one was stopped as they found that they were making myopia worse.
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12445849
If you google myopia progression +undercorrection, you can find several studies which corroborate this.
hoppy above makes some great points, but the reason we don't cycloplege everyone, is that that isn't the eye in its natural state, the crystalline lens has a natural tone for everyone which reduces with age (which is why most people become a bit less short-sighted in their late 30's 40's).
My family are a good example. I have my own business where I do domicalliaries in schools (like a mobile test centre), there is significantly more to it than just testing Snellen acuity; which will vary depending on lighting conditions, viewing eccentricity and viewing distance.
DD is 7, her cycloplegic refraction R +5.50DS L +4.50DS, she wears
R +4.50DS L +3.50DS, this is because she doesn't have a squint (esotropia and has a low AC/A ratio). The lower Rx means thinner lighter glasses, less magnifications and allows for maintenance of residual accommodation. In a squinting child you would prescribe the full correction.
DS is 12, his prescription 6 months ago was R -0.75 L +1.50. Cycloplegic refraction was R +0.25 L +3.00.
What do you prescribe based on that? You have to use your professional opinion based on history and symptoms. In his case he couldn't see the board, had I prescribed R +0.25 L +3.00 his vision would be more blurred, so I prescribed something based on the first prescription. He's now actually less myopic in the right eye, he's clearly something called pseudomyopic.
DH is more classic. He was -1.25 R&L when I first met him (age 29), went up to -2.25 and now is around -0.75 age 45.
I think you're expecting it to be much more simplistic than it actually is OP.