I've no idea what a "professional" environment is these days - public opinion straw polls seem to suggest we're split right down the middle as to whether swearing is or is not acceptable in the workplace and swearing can sometimes be part of the camaderie of a place and draw people together (University of East Anglia research). That said, if anything he says - whether swearing or not - makes you uncomfortable, that clearly can't be right.
PhaedraIsMyName
"OP, his behaviour isn't acceptable. It might be standard practice according to one poster to swear at employees but it isn't in the Civil Service or my industry."
It doesn't seem to me, from reading the OP, that he is swearing at anyone - but "merely" referring to someone like that when they are not present, instead referring to this person in the presence of other people (including you). I put "merely" in quotes as of course it's isn't merely as it is affecting you negatively. It does nonetheless appear to be standard behaviour in this society to swear, including referring to others by swearing names that the person would never have used to the face of the person referred to - as well as standard practice to gossip about others when they are not present and, generally, to behave in a two-faced manner. We all love to gossip - about everyone, as soon as they have left the room. When they return, we are all nice as pie. It's so two-faced and hypocritical - but it is standard behaviour, just like lying is standard practice in this society (and anyone who denies that is themselves either lying or is wilfully blind to it).
I would not get HR involved. HR is a theoretical route but, sadly, it is not a practical one as complaining about others always risks making things worse, especially if the culprit is in a higher position than you.
It seems to me he is - or may be - 'just' using swearing as part of normal workplace behaviour (that is outside a customer-facing context) and is unaware of its impact on you. He may have no idea that you find it wrong or that it is making you uncomfortable.
I'd be inclined to assume an innocent motive first off. Rather than jumping in with HR. I'd speak to the guy, probably alone but in a safe room, or if you can't, I'd leave him a carefully written note. If he continues after you have told him that it makes you uncomfortable, then that would be a different matter. I'm not even sure you can say this is definitely against dignity at work if he is unaware. (Besides, when 'dignity at work' policies have been circulated, I've found their quotation of offensive language - particularly the more offensive disability language whilst they simultaneously asterisk the 'inoffensive' swearing - to have caused me discomfort and therefore breach my dignity - so the dignity at work policy writers in breach of dignity at work.)
With the language you've mentioned, I'd actually find the word "bitch", which you've fully written, to be more offensive than the word before it which you've asterisked.
It may also well be your strong view that you are in a "professional environment", and what you consider to be acceptable and not for that, that is helping to be the reason why you are caused offence. This is not seeking to excuse him, instead to say that in my experience the only person that comes out badly from offence is the person offended and it never affects the offender. The good people are always the ones that suffer whilst those who do not, or cannot, care live their lives free of bother and offence.
Perhaps it is more offensive to refer to someone as "functionally illiterate" than it is to call them a "dickhead".
I'm not a wise MNer - I don't think educational qualifications necessarily equate to 'wiseness' - and, as to whether you are overreacting, I don't know - it does seem rather normal language to me, and yes language of the sort that happens in civil service environments, but, if I had a problem, it would be about referring to other people as 'bitches' (certainly man about a woman etc.). I'd be inclined to assume he's not aware of how it is impacting you and either speak to him about it or, if you don't feel able to do that, speak to a trusted close colleague who perhaps can raise it with him - or you and your colleague together with him. Getting HR risks causing him to feel resentment and the relationship between you and him to be damaged beyond repair: which, sadly, will more likely I feel then lead to you being moved to a different department rather than anything happening to him. And, in any event, if anything happened to him, discipline-wise, unless he already sees his behaviour as unacceptable, it's likely I feel - I may be wrong - to blame you for causing him to be moved or disciplined.
I'd assume he had good intent - in that he isn't intending to cause you serious offence, or discomfort - and speak to him about it in order to try to ensure a good working relationship between yourselves in order to get on with him not saying this around you if you really cannot deal with it. Maybe you should not have to, I don't know? (I'm just thinking about how the offended person/person that 'lets' it offend them is always, sadly, the worse off.) Maybe I'm being naive about other people - that they would change their behaviour if informed they were causing a problem? (As you mention putdowns, maybe you are thinking you can get your own back - which, if it helps you avoid offence or be able to live with what's he's saying - it's not directed at you, but I understand how even that can cause people to be uncomfortable sometimes - maybe that is a good thing. Although by same you/I probably wouldn't want this to descend into a slanging match between you and him trying to out-do each other.)
There's another aspect - if these people really are bullies, if you make clear to them that you are uncomfortable, it then gives them another weapon for them to use to make you deliberately uncomfortable. There are men like that - immature boys more like! Subject to that consideration, I'd tell him he is making you uncomfortable/discuss how to resolve it with him - if, knowing it makes you uncomfortable (and if you can't find any way to be 'okay' with it (whether or not you should be)), he then continues and makes you uncomfortable, then he has not much leg to stand on.
Hope this helps, along with other people's posts. Good luck.