I was once told that there are three measurements to a well-fitting bra.
The number corresponds to the circumference of the ribcage without digging into back fat. This can also depend on the type of elastic used, and will likely change over the lifetime of the bra given people generally machine wash bras.
The letter corresponds to a measurement of the underside of the breast ie the length and shallowness of angle of the half-moon shaped wire in an underwired bra.
The third measurement is the volume of the breast, and is normally referenced by 'plunge' or 'balcony' or whatever.
So, a 32C balcony wearer may be a 32A in a full-coverage t-shirt bra. The balcony bit in the first bra will simply have the right base measurement to not dig into the flesh of the breast eith between the breasts or at the underarms, and just have the right amount of material to cover the nipple etc.
And of course, just to make life easier, it all changes from manufacturer to manufacturer, design to design.
Basically, I now try them on as I would a pair of shoes before buying, especially given how many variables there are in a bra (eye-n-hook attachment at back, variable strap lengths, above measurements). Real pain in the backside, but rather that than a pair of painful boobs!