tldr I am sort you are going through this.
How often are these tantrums/rages or however best to describe them?
Do you know what the outbursts relate to. Can you predict their arrival?
Are you getting post adoption or CAMHS help?
Do you think your little one's issues adoption/ attachment related, ASD/ASC or ADHD related, or both, or other or don't know?
I'd suggest requesting help if you have not done so already. Post adoption attrachment support and / or CAMHS (primary) / which could be accessed via school or GP.
Wait times vary.
In he meantime maybe keep a record of behaviour, keep s record of different approaches and what works best.
I'd suggest you could try having an area of living room with soft cushions/bean bags and lead her there when she is kicking off. Safer.
Maybe see if you can get her to stay in one area to calm down. Sit apart from her or outside an opened internal door, at the very least out of arms reach. I'm just sorting about you. Her hurting you is not good got either of you. 
My ds is adopted but we do not get these rages. My birth dd is potentially ASC/ASD (mild) and we do get rages.
At 12 she is very strong, almost as tall as me etc. Even defending myself from her very occasional angry outbursts has led to lots of times when I felt I did a very poor job as a parent!
We have been referred to CAMHS.
You should not have to cope with this alone.