I hear this repeated so often but that really isn't true.
Do you know who pays the biggest percentage of their estate in IHT (according to HMRC)? It's estates worth between £3 million and £10 million. They end up paying around 24% of the entire estate in IHT
That's not exactly "middle income people" to my mind.
Estates worth more than £10 million do end up paying less as a percentage but they're still paying around 20% of the entire estate in IHT.
So what exactly is "middle income"?
Well, median income for a full time worker is currently £37,400.
Let's say that this person left an estate worth £550k. HMRC say that, of people leaving this much money, 76% didn't pay any IHT at all and of those 24% that did pay IHT they paid on average 10% of their entire estate.
So yes, it's definitely those hard hit "middle income people" leaving estates of £5 million that have it worst.
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"...the really wealthy put their assets in trusts"
But doing that doesn't really make much difference.
Probate records show that the last Duke of Westminster left an estate worth around £600 million in trust to his children with the income going to his widow and she is allowed to remain living in their home.
When the widow passes away then there will be IHT to pay on that £600 million just as with anyone else when the second spouse dies.
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With regard to the trusts that are said to be worth £9 billion, these trusts do pay 6% tax on the total value of the trust every ten years (or at least most of them do).
The trusts also have to pay income tax on any profits at a flat rate of 45% and there is also CGT to pay as well if they ever sell any assets.
So while, IHT itself is not payable there is a 6% charge every ten years. This works out to paying the same amount but spread out over roughly 66 years in advance rather than paying it in one go on death.
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But not all of the trusts pay that. Why? Well, that's not down to being a trust but down to other reliefs that are widely used - Agricultural Property Relief and Business Relief. If you own a farm or a business then you don't have to pay tax when you die and trusts don't have to pay the 6% tax every ten years.
Or, at least, until the recent budget. As of 2026, Agricultural Property Relief and Business Relief will be limited to £1 million.
I don't know what effect this will have on trusts, but I would guess that they will likely have to start paying some tax.