When I was a child stray dogs were quite common and (I think) following concerns about toxoplasmosis, dog wardens were introduced and it became very unusual to see a loose dog.
I'm on two local FB groups (I know how to live!) because I live between the two towns.
On both there are regular posts about a dog who's "got out". 2 dogs, one in each town, always the same dog.
The response is always "oh that's Buster don't worry about him, the owners know he's out, he takes himself for a walk and takes himself home when he's ready".
So everyone knows who these dogs are/where they live and it just carries on. Is it actually OK for dogs to be out loose, no one controlling them (or picking up their mess)?