I'm in the Chicago area.
There are gorgeous places to holiday within a day's drive - in Michigan and Wisconsin in particular. Many people I know own a second property in places like Door County, Wisconsin, or around St Joe, Michigan, and also further afield in Michigan; Mackinac is a splendid old Victorian resort. You can rent all sorts of cabins too. Michigan and Wisconsin are hot in sunner and snowy in winter. You can ski or snowboard or swim or fish or play mini golf or take your boat out on the lake. Beaches are gorgeous, and there are lots of little old towns with old-fashioned ice cream parlors and family-friendly places to eat.
I have relatives in VA who have a beach house in North Carolina. Where you go sometimes depends on where you live, how easy it is to get away. Quicker breaks of the long weekend variety are definitely a thing in summer, when the pace of business and professional life slows a little.
People also do long road trips - all the way to Maine in a mini van, or to the Badlands. Some people like Rocky Mountain region ski areas in summer - Jackson Hole in Wyoming and Winter Park, Colorado are lovely when it's all green. I've driven two days with DCs to get to both places. Flying would have been quicker, but then there's the hassle and expense of a rental car. The interstate system is great.
I have friends who are checking off all the major league baseball parks summer after summer. Others are visiting all 50 states - driving to each one apart from Hawaii.
People do city breaks - Las Vegas, NYC, Austin, Nashville, San Francisco, Kansas City... and there are always busloads of people from Iowa in Midwest cities.
People also travel to the Caribbean, especially in January and February. You can get great deals on flights and accommodation. Florida is another popular destination at the start of the year if your winters are harsh. Ditto Mexican resorts.
Spring break sees students flocking to Cancun, Jacksonville, and other sunny spots.
Some families make a holiday out of dropping kids off to college for the first time, often thousands of miles from home. Some people visit relatives in another state - there are places that are like visiting a completely different country if your home is in the urban north; the Ozark region, southern California, the desert southwest, New England...