I was a high achiever who could have gone down a very high-achieving path, but instead became a high-achiever in a less conventional way I guess.
I graduated in the recession, so work opportunities weren't fantastic, and none of the grad schemes appealed.
I worked in a tiny (and shit) company for a low wage in a poor northern city, so the wage was more than adequate. I improved several systems, got some general job experience, and most importantly, quit when they treated me badly.
I moved to a different post in a different city. Knuckled down to everything that needed doing, promoted to a significant project. Completed that in two years, then completed various internal projects before being promoted to COO because I had a track record of performance.
I think the critical factor is movement. Whether it's you, your salary, your job, your role, it happens every year or two.
And the other is flexibility. If you're talented and show it, it will get noticed, and those achievements can go on your CV and get you noticed.
I always keep an eye out for jobs, and generally apply for another job a year whether I particularly want to move or not. I always get interviews because there's something interesting about the fact that I am a high achiever on A, B and C, but also have a steady track record of x, y and z. When I was sifting CVs, these ad hoc extras were always a sign of a great employee who both would and could contribute many different things to a company.