They believe, or at the very least they widely taught in Catholic schools, similar to the Jews and many other organised religions, that only baptised Catholics can go to heaven and some Clergy have expressed views on their some of their own members who have committed unspeakable evil entering heaven but those from other religions couldn’t.
Yes, I struggle with views such as those you were taught. I am between denominations and of mixed background. It helps me to think of the full definition of catholic in our language:
https://www.thefreedictionary.com/catholic
cath·o·lic (kăth′ə-lĭk, kăth′lĭk)
adj.
1. Of broad or liberal scope; comprehensive: "The 100-odd pages of formulas and constants are surely the most catholic to be found" (Scientific American).
2. Including or concerning all humankind; universal: "what was of catholic rather than national interest" (J.A. Froude).
3. Catholic
a. Of or involving the Roman Catholic Church.
b. Of or relating to the universal Christian church.
c. Of or relating to the ancient undivided Christian church.
d. Of or relating to those churches that have claimed to be representatives of the ancient undivided church.
n. Catholic
A member of a Catholic church, especially a Roman Catholic.
[Middle English catholik, universally accepted, from Old French catholique, from Latin catholicus, universal, from Greek katholikos, from katholou, in general : kat-, kata-, down, along, according to; see cata- + holou (from neuter genitive of holos, whole; see sol-- in Indo-European rootss).]
ca·thol′i·cal·ly (kə-thŏl′ĭk-lē) adv.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
catholic (ˈkæθəlɪk; ˈkæθlɪk)
adj
1. universal; relating to all men; all-inclusive
2. comprehensive in interests, tastes, etc; broad-minded; liberal
[C14: from Latin catholicus, from Greek katholikos universal, from katholou in general, from kata- according to + holos whole]
catholically, catholicly adv
Catholic (ˈkæθəlɪk; ˈkæθlɪk)
adj
1. (Roman Catholic Church) denoting or relating to the entire body of Christians, esp to the Church before separation into the Greek or Eastern and Latin or Western Churches
2. (Ecclesiastical Terms) denoting or relating to the Latin or Western Church after this separation
3. (Ecclesiastical Terms) denoting or relating to the Roman Catholic Church
4. (Ecclesiastical Terms) denoting or relating to any church, belief, etc, that claims continuity with or originates in the ancient undivided Church
n
(Ecclesiastical Terms) a member of any of the Churches regarded as Catholic, esp the Roman Catholic Church
Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014
cath•o•lic (ˈkæθ ə lɪk, ˈkæθ lɪk)
adj.
1. universal in extent; encompassing all; wide-ranging: catholic tastes and interests.
2. having broad sympathies; broad-minded; liberal.
3. pertaining to the whole Christian body or church.
[1300–1350; Middle English < Latin catholicus < Greek katholikós general