Descriptions are copied/adapted from reputable news sources or the charity's own website.
I haven't included direct links because a) there are a lot of them and b) I am not able to personally vouch for every charity on this list so I encourage everyone to do their own research before donating and c) some of the bigger charities may have country-specific branches.
The "businesses" aspect of this is mainly the startup volunteer programme - please feel free to comment on any others you know about! If you're in an area with an Israeli restaurant, they could probably use your visit and (if you have a good experience) a positive review.
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IsraAID: This global NGO is based in Tel Aviv, Israel, with a mission of supporting people affected by crises like natural disasters, post-conflict situations, and epidemics. The group says it’s housing evacuees from Gaza, operating child-friendly spaces where kids can play and process, and distributing resilience kits to families, among other tasks.
The Jewish Agency for Israel is a global nonprofit dedicated to securing "a vibrant Jewish future." Its Fund for Victims of Terror provides immediate financial assistance to victims and their families. The group says it has disbursed hundreds of grants since the violence started. It anticipates distributing more, as well as following up with long-term recovery and rehabilitative support.
Magen David Adom is Israel's national emergency medical, disaster, ambulance and blood bank service - the equivalent of a Red Cross. It says donations will be used to make sure responders and volunteers have all the training, equipment and medical supplies (including blood) to treat injured people.
United Hatzalah is a community-based volunteer emergency medical services (EMS) organization committed to providing the fastest response to medical emergencies across Israel, completely free of charge.
ZAKA Search and Rescue has special expertise in retrieving bodies from disaster scenes.
NATAL: Israel Trauma and Resiliency Center is an apolitical crisis help organization that has been around since 1998 and helps those affected by trauma from war and terrorism.
ERAN is Israel’s mental health crisis hotline. Founded in 1971, it provides “emotional first aid” to anyone who needs it. They also have ways to contact them online.
One Family Fund is offering emergency grief and trauma counseling to all victims and survivors. Their employees and volunteers are visiting the injured in hospitals, cooking food for victims in areas of attack, and attending funerals before supporting the families of victims.
Bayit Cham is a mental health charity which has established a fund to provide free therapy for 1,000 children from the Gaza border area. They also have a hotline.
Hadassah, The Women’s Zionist Organization of America, helps women find their voices to advance health equity, fights hate and antisemitism in the US, and models shared society in Israel.
Startup Reserves for Israel is a global force of highly skilled volunteers providing a range of professional services to fill invaluable gaps in Israel’s startup workforce. [Personal note from me: if you have startup-related skills, including sales or marketing experience, please check it out or pass the word on to your techie friends. Many startups have been hit hard by the call-up of reservists, and in one case I know of, two of their employees were murdered at the Nova festival.]