"I hate the "cascade of intervention" rubbish. Often quoted on here. Women having difficult births will often require intervention - they will be a having long, painful labour and that's why they want the epidural.
Difficult births lead to epidurals, not the other way round."
Yes - difficult births lead to epidural use, so it's very hard to unpick any cause and effect relationship when you're trying to work out why such a very high percentage of first time mums with an epidural need interventions in their birth.
It is interesting though, that if you are a healthy, low risk mum and you plan to give birth in an environment where epidurals are available, you are about twice as likely to need an emergency c/s or instrumental birth as a similar mum who opts to give birth somewhere (ie at home or in a birth centre) where epidurals require transfer. In other words, there's something about labouring in a place where there are high rates of epidural use that makes healthy, low risk mums more prone to interventions.
(can I just point out before anyone says anything - the Birthplace 2011 study, where these figures come from looked at outcomes for birth based on the mothers risk status at the start of labour, and her preferred place of birth, not her actual place of birth - so women who booked a homebirth but ended up transferring in to hospital for a forceps birth would be included in the 'homebirth' section of the trial. Otherwise you'd have a figure of 0% forceps for homebirth as these aren't done outside of an obstetric unit!).
To shed some light on the 'I was refused an epidural by a midwife' scenario - in the UK 8% of women nationally answered 'no' to the question 'did you get the pain relief you wanted in labour'. In some hospitals it was as low as 2%, in one hospital it was as high as 22%. Interestingly, high rates of women saying 'I didn't get the pain relief I wanted' don't necessarily go hand in hand with low epidural rates, and vice versa. So the hospital with the highest number of women saying they didn't get the pain relief they needed (22%) had an average rate of epidural use. The hospital with the lowest rate of women saying they didn't get pain relief had also had an average number of women opting for epidurals (25%)
In Kettering hospital - where only 16% of women used epidurals, 11% of women said they didn't get the pain relief they needed.
In Epsom, where 42% of women have epidurals scarcely fewer (8%) said they didn't get the pain relief they wanted.
Point being - expectations about pain in labour are not consistent regionally. High epidural use doesn't always go hand in hand with high rates of satisfaction with pain relief in birth and low rates of epidural use don't always go hand in hand with low rates of satisfaction with pain relief in labour.
Go figure! There is far more to all this than meets the eye.