I think the problem is that it's almost impossible to analyse in terms of effect on cognitive skills as we wouldn't be able to measure if other stressors have affected a particular skill or area of the brain in humans, as we are all so different anyway.
What is measurable is the impact on things like the pituitary gland, and associated endocrine systems.
It is possible to draw similarities with what's been found in sheep studies to brain composition/ structure, which we know is responsible for certain skills eg spatial awareness or higher order thinking. Sheep apparently follow a very similar pattern of puberty brain development, and also show similar differences between the sexes.
What is significant is what happens to the brain during normal puberty in the teen years; there's a huge hormone driven physical restructuring and reorganisation. Young children who've suffered abuse and have actually had a level cognitive damage, can sometimes, with huge amounts of the right support, over come some aspects of the damage during the teen years as a result of the process.
There are an increasing number of books around the teen brain (audible showed me the other day!). At it's simplest, the areas of the brain responsible for higher order, less impulsive actions begin to develop further and become able to override the impulsivity of the amygdala.
This was literally the first paper that came up through google, hippocampus, teen brain. It looks at the impact of drugs and alcohol on the development of the frontal cortex:
While the frontal cortex undergoes substantial and rapid structural and functional changes during adolescence, significant developmental changes also occur in the medial temporal lobe, specifically the hippocampus, which is responsible for learning and memory
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6028523/
I accidentally came across an earlier sheep study looking at effect of blockers on the brain. it may explain why girl's outcomes are not as positive as boys who are treated for gd.
https://www.gla.ac.uk/news/archiveofnews/2012/july/headline2372600_en.html
Interestingly the results also showed that the emotional response of males, but not females, was significantly altered when puberty was blocked.”
This Is the paper I was trying to find, it was done on male sheep and key outcomes are below:
www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/testosterone
Indeed, a growing body of evidence supports numerous and diverse autocrine, paracrine and endocrine roles for GnRH/GnRHa and GnRHR outside the pituitary gland
*Highlights
Peripubertal GnRHa impaired long-term spatial reference memory.
This GnRHa-effect was not counteracted with testosterone replacement in rams.
Traverse times of spatial orientation and learning tasks were unaffected by GnRHa.
GnRHa exaggerated emotional reactivity during these spatial tasks.
Testosterone replacement decreased emotional reactivity and motivation in tasks.*
Somewhere among the above I noticed there was an impact on the size of the amygdala, not sure what; a larger amygdala is implicated in anxiety disorders.