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Feminism: Sex and gender discussions

Lawyers this way! What realistic reforms could we make to rape laws?

183 replies

HairyBallTheorem · 31/03/2018 18:10

Thinking of this as a brainstorming thread and also a "don't throw the baby out with the bathwater" thread. By the latter I mean I don't favour removing the legal concept of the presumption of innocence because I think that's way too dangerous to do if you want a free society.

But we desperately need some sort of reform of rape laws because at the moment too many rapists are walking out of court with not guilty verdicts (thinking here of a whole range of cases).

So a couple of thoughts have occurred to me which I'd like to explore (others may want to add more ideas)

First - the move by Iceland to affirmative consent. The man needs a yes, not the absence of a no. Now I thought that was actually already in place in the UK - there's no such thing as presumed consent. However the problem is the court system doesn't apply it, and indeed I'm not sure how it could. I've heard people on here talk about asking the defendant why he thought he had consent, but since defendants aren't required to take the stand I'm not sure how this could be enforced? Could it form part of the prosecution's case? "The complainant has told us she didn't give consent, and since the defendant hasn't given evidence we have no idea as to why he might have come to the erroneous conclusion that he had consent.."

Second - someone mentioned the Spanner case on another thread (where a group of men practising consensual BDSM were convicted of assault on the grounds that actual bodily harm (I think it was ABH) remains a crime even if the victim consents. Could one apply this to rape? Any ABH carried out during sex would be a crime? (And a strict liability crime, if I've got the terminology right - i.e. one that simply depends on the actions carried out, not the intent of the perpetrator). In this case, any woman presenting to the police with bruises, laceration, bleeding as a result of sex could lead to the man being charged both with rape and with causing ABH during sex, with his beliefs about consent not having any bearing on the latter charge.

(I know a minority of women claim to genuinely like rough sex - and they'd still be able to do it, but by God it would make their partners a hell of a lot more careful about getting consent - no more strangling a woman on the first date just cos you've seen it in a porn film and assume she won't complain.)

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TheBrilliantMistake · 03/04/2018 22:23

I think other crimes take place in places or through systems where evidence is less refutible.
I also didn't say it was coincidence, I said I didn't think the law was specifically making it difficult because of your sex.
I then added that yes, other social factors (such as sexism) take their toll too.

Honestly can't see how that read as coincidence.

Materialist · 03/04/2018 22:17

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Materialist · 03/04/2018 22:13

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HairyBallTheorem · 03/04/2018 22:13

www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/mar/12/rape-cps-police-prosecutors 2015 article - only 28% of rapes reported to the police make it as far as the CPS.

rapecrisis.org.uk/statistics.php Rape Crisis' summary of the stats.

5.7% of reported rapes end in conviction. However, if we're interested in how juries see things, bear in mind that out of 100 cases reported to the police, only 28 make it to the CPS, then 5.7 of those will result in a conviction. So (and I'm not sure if the CPS go ahead with every case that makes it as far as them, I don't think they do), approximately 1/4 of cases actually getting as far as court result in a conviction, the other 3/4 are acquittals.

So (if I'm doing the sums right) it goes:
For every 1000 instances of rape.
150 taken to the police (85% don't report at all)
42 go to the CPS
8.4 convictions.

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HairyBallTheorem · 03/04/2018 22:04

There was a good ad campaign a year or so back with a man - sober - watching through the window as his drunken self sexually assaulted a woman, with the slogan "don't be that man." Maybe we need more of that sort of public awareness campaing, coupled with, as buckeejit suggests, high profile men being prepared to say "porn is not real, check the woman you're with is enjoying herself, if in doubt, don't."

I mentioned upthread the fact that getting rid of presumption of innocence, and shifting the burden of proof, is incredibly dangerous - see for example the way that is used against women in countries like Nicaragua, where women are imprisoned for having miscarriages because they can't prove that they didn't take mifepristone. Tempting as it is to shift the burden of proof in rape cases, I think as a legal precedent this is just too dangerous a thing to do.

Incidentally, someone posted a link to a Guardian article on another thread, analysing conviction rates once crimes reach court, and on that bench mark, rape doesn't do badly - though of course this could be partly self-selecting - only really strong cases make it through the filters of women themselves thinking they might stand an outside chance of getting justice because the evidence is so strong (because we know the odds are stacked massively against us, and the trauma of reporting will be massive), and the CPS agreeing with them.

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buckeejit · 03/04/2018 21:53

Just as a bit of a back up Northern Ireland has a history of being quite forward thinking with campaigns such as drink driving & speeding-some TV ads couldn't be shown before the watershed as they are so shocking. Recently a new ad is on TV about the different forms of domestic violence which I wouldn't have Imagined even 5 years ago.

buckeejit · 03/04/2018 21:47

I agree that rape myths need debunking & seeing how some intelligent people I know have reacted to the Ulster rugby trial is so shocking & there is judgement such as 'she shouldn't have gone there' etc that levies at least a portion of blame on the victim. This is more widespread than I would have thought, (IRL these discussions don't normally come up without a trial in the press)

The change needs to happen from within the culture of the skewed perception surely? I was thinking of similar to brilliant of the. CCTV in every room. I know it's equally as unlikely but a media campaign to get male celebrities & sports icons to come out with sound bites like 'porn isn't a reality of sex', 'check you partner is enjoying themselves and if you're unsure, stop', 'don't have sex with someone who is too drunk to be able to have a sensible conversation' etc would be good.

Basic things like this which seem to be common sense have gone out the window. The stigma rightly attached to being a rapist means that there is a lack of reformed characters preaching about having seen the light the way there is with assault, burglary, terrorism.

TheBrilliantMistake · 03/04/2018 21:43

Since there are so many women here, who will be far more aware of the unreported instances of rape, would you say most occured in a ONS or very short term relationship, or is it happening when longer-term partners are doing it, either overtly, or because they are just assuming and women are being emotionally bullied into it (e.g I really don't want sex, but will suffer it )?
Since so many are going unreported, how is a reasonably accurate picture formed about it?

I'm thinking out aloud, but it's been easy for me to visualise as some of the higher profile cases, but these are possibly exceptions. But if most women are suffering because a boyfriend wont take no for an answer and a woman gives up the fight, then surely it would be better to try and improve laws for those cases rather than the more high profile ones?

Yes, ideally a law should improve the situation for all women, but if it's a step by step process, where would the biggest impact be?

TheBrilliantMistake · 03/04/2018 21:22

Basically, the state negates the right of a woman to say no by permitting legal procedure in which her no only has meaning if that no is witnessed by someone credible. So it basically takes two voices on behalf of a woman to overrule one man's voice.
That's fairly accurate, but I don't believe it's because she is a woman. It's because she is the accusor, and the law places the onus on the accusor to prove guilt, not for the accused to prove innocence.
She is up against it from the start not because of her sex, but because proving what happened behind a closed door is so difficult.
On top of that, she faces the potential prejudices against her sex, but I think that is more social than legal.

Chaosandchocolate · 03/04/2018 21:15

Sorry if this has already been mentioned. Anecdotally.....ime the legal profession are confident that juries generally reach the right decision. Backed up I think by 2010 research, Are Juries Fair. Too tired to reread but it's easily found online and it's used a lot when stats are quoted.
Suggests perhaps it's not simply juries struggling with reasonable doubt as an idea (which they undoubtedly do).

Ereshkigal · 03/04/2018 21:05

But it's not just a logic problem. They could stop letting defence teams admit sexual history evidence unless it was completely relevant to the specific circumstances. They could not pass women's underwear around the courtroom. They could try to educate the public on rape myths. They could look at other ideas like expert panels. The rates of reported rape to rape conviction are shocking.

Materialist · 03/04/2018 21:01

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TheBrilliantMistake · 03/04/2018 21:00

I hate the situation because simple logic says guilty people are getting off.
But if 10 accused are stood before us, and one is innocent, what should we do?
If you wanted to be logical, you might say lock them all up, and save 9 or more women from future rape, and pay that price via one innocent man. Makes some sense to some people, but it's a dangerous path to go down.

Ereshkigal · 03/04/2018 21:00

YY. I don't find it particularly satisfactory that people just throw their hands up and say it's totally impossible, he said she said you can't prove it etc. Meaning rape might as well be legal. It is partly about how important women's lives are considered to be.

Materialist · 03/04/2018 20:58

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Ereshkigal · 03/04/2018 20:57

The question is how the hell we could change public attitudes, or whether there would be scope for an alternative to jury trials in this instance.

I definitely think the rape myth/believing women problem should be acknowledged fully and other options explored.

Ereshkigal · 03/04/2018 20:55

Cross post

Ereshkigal · 03/04/2018 20:54

I agree Erishkigal, but some of the recent high profile cases don't give the public much confidence do they?

I know. The two lame and cock bull stories I gave were real examples. I just think that's not "reasonable" doubt.

TheBrilliantMistake · 03/04/2018 20:53

I cannot explain how 'my penis entered her by accident through falling' could ever be credible.

HairyBallTheorem · 03/04/2018 20:47

I definitely remember reading an article (probably about 10 years ago) where a woman was recounting her experience of testifying in court - her rapist was found not guilty. She had been seen talking to him in a bar earlier in the evening, and he later raped her in an alley near the bar. She fought back, sustained quite a few injuries during the fight, and the defence argued that she'd told their client that she like rough sex and thus the injuries were sustained during consensual rough sex. The jury acquitted. Despite her never having met the man before that evening, never having been in the slightest bit interested in rough sex, and despite the implausibility that any woman would want to engage in said rough sex down a dark alley.

So sadly Brilliant's guess as to how a defence lawyer would handle this sort of situation isn't so far off the mark - yes, there have been cases where exactly the sort of defence he's describing has been used. (And for me it's a case of "don't shoot the messenger" - I don't think Brilliant likes this situation, it's just a question of how we could change it without changing things like presumption of innocence, burden of proof etc.)

It seems like juries go into court with an idea that the scenes they've seen in porn/read about in 50 shades are the norm, and therefore it's plausible that an entirely ordinary woman could actively consent to being brutally raped with a side order of a violent beating, in a minging dark alley, just for the hell of it. The question is how the hell we could change public attitudes, or whether there would be scope for an alternative to jury trials in this instance.

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TheBrilliantMistake · 03/04/2018 20:46

I definitely didn't mean to imply all medical injuries are put down to self inflicted. I was saying that some will be put down to vigorous sex, some down to other causes with are nothing to do with the allegation, but yes, if it is a realistic and plausible option they will argue self inflicted and they have done so. But again a lot of rapes are not laden with injuries, and many that are, the injuries will often have multiple possible explanations. A bruise could have 100 explanations, a tear in the vagina a few (trauma from rape, trauma from extreme vigour, a cut from a fingernail.
One side is trying to argue an injury proves rape took place, the other side is trying to demonstrate that it does not, and to do that, they need to explain other ways it could happen. This is just how it works.

TheBrilliantMistake · 03/04/2018 20:34

I agree Erishkigal, but some of the recent high profile cases don't give the public much confidence do they?
It would seem that you can agree to sex under the influence of alcohol (and argue about the amount needed to losectge capacity). You can invite a mate or two over to join in, and you can video it too and still leave enough doubt that maybe she was ok with all of that.

My gut says if that's not rape, it really should be some other crime of gross wankerism and still serve a sentence for it.
If you want group sex, you better find a girl who wants it enough to put it in writing.

Ravenheart1 · 03/04/2018 20:30

You're right I ought to have said could rather than would. Apologies.

Brilliantmistake- thanks for the apology if that was directed at me.

Are you now stepping back from your position then, that defence teams say medical injuries are self-inflicted?

To be clear - is this actually very unusual and you are simply positing this as a possible argument?

Good grief.

Ravenheart1 · 03/04/2018 20:26

but how do we prove it?

We prove it with medical evidence which corroborates the victim's account, where that medical evidence is available.
Otherwise defendants who are guilty benefit from their own lies?

TheBrilliantMistake · 03/04/2018 20:25

You're right I ought to have said could rather than would. Apologies.

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