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Feminism: Sex and gender discussions

Does "Just Say No" Rape awareness work......

119 replies

lenak · 29/03/2012 22:52

or does it actually make it more difficult for women to say no and give men who rape a get out?

Just after some opinions as an essay I am currently writing for uni has piqued my interest in the subject.

I am studying Discourse Analysis and in particular am currently looking at Sociolingusitics.

On the one hand, there is the argument that there are different 'genderlects' and that the genders can hear and mean things differently, thus the need to teach women to 'just say no' as this is clear and prevents any misunderstanding due to differences in genderlect understanding. This has led to the development of Just Say No campaigns. The researcher who argues for the differences in genderlect understanding is a feminist who has been instrumental in the development of some of these Just say No courses.

On the other hand there is the argument that in human communication, rejections and refusals are commonly delayed and indirect and follow a typical pattern which generally includes delay in responding, some kind of prefacing of the refusal?, a palliative remark, and some kind of account aimed at softening, explaining, justifying, excusing, or redefining the rejection. It is important to note that refusals are almost always accompanied by explanations or justifications. This is the usual way that refusals are given and thus are understood by all (with adequate social skills) as refusals. Being direct and 'Just saying No' is unusual and uncomfortable for the person saying no as it doesn't follow the usual route of a refusal.

The promotion of 'Just say No' also provides an excuse for men to say "Well she didn't actually say no" when a woman uses more usual methods of refusal even if he understands these types of refusal perfectly well in his every day life.

The researchers who argue this are also feminists arguing from a feminist perspective.

So who's right? Personally, I think the second view makes more sense, but would be interested in the views of MN.

OP posts:
Dustinthewind · 01/04/2012 12:22

He's read DOG and TEM and we've discussed them, he's been in social situations with friends and reprimanded them when he felt they weren't behaving appropriately. He is the male of choice for late night escorts back home after a night out because he enjoys the company and the walks.
But he doesn't pick up on social cues, or understand inferential comments. He's the sort that needs an unambiguous statement.
He and a female friend went out on Valentine's day, she got all specially dressed up and he had a great time. But he apparently spotted two friends on the way to the station and invited them along too, and she was mortified that he saw it as a trip out, the more the merrier. Which isn't what she'd planned at all.
I'll keep talking with him, unpicking situations and explaining events, just as I always have done. But no means no would be something he understood and would not argue with. I'm sorry if that is too much to expect from a woman. A red card would work just as well on him.

garlicbutter · 01/04/2012 12:08

Oh, Dust ... Young people with an AS dx get so much better teaching/training now, one hopes it won't be a problem.

About 10 years ago I helped out at a club for autists. They were mostly men. One of the things we were there for was to explain that groping wasn't acceptable - same with lewd comments and direct propositions! They get it, it was just that they hadn't learned by osmosis (as you will understand.) In the more formal environment, they were being helped more with all that: as I understood things, one man being told about one grope would learn not to do it in that precise situation. But wouldn't necessarily extrapolate it to similar circumstances, so the proper teachers were dealing with that.

They were aged about 20-40, a decade ago. I'm pretty sure they'd not received the understanding and help your sons will be getting.

Dustinthewind · 01/04/2012 11:49

Garlicbutter, you are getting into an area that terrifies me as the mother of a teenage male on the spectrum.

garlicbutter · 01/04/2012 11:42

I shouldn't have said should she carry on with her subtler tactics because "should" doesn't come into it here. She might be scared, or wanting to preserve a relationship with the bloke, or have some other reason for continuing in the same vein.

I meant would it be more effective to carry on with her subtler tactics ...

garlicbutter · 01/04/2012 11:37

This is bonkers. You're heading towards a position that women have no responsibility for their own boundaries and safety.

When I wrote that I was thinking of people on the autistic spectrum or with other impairments that have similar effects: brain injury; other developmental disorders; hormonal imbalances; shock; even PTSD can have that effect.

People with a social communication problem don't go round wearing a special hat. You often can't tell until an interaction becomes intimate. If it does, and they get it wrong, you have to state your point clearly.

I haven't said or implied, anywhere, that all socially impaired men are a threat or suggested there's anything wrong with the subtle forms of communication we usually use. I've said subtle communication won't work in every situation. This discussion was about the ways we say No. I introduced the observation that, when subtle communication becomes inappropriate, we need to use clear communication.

Either you're trying to argue that "No, Stop that" is not the clearest way to tell a person 'No, Stop that' or you're saying women have no responsibility to change their communication style when their usual style isn't working.

The thread's about how we communicate in a sexual situation that's going wrong. Not about whether rape is wrong, or whether anybody has the right to invade another's boundaries.

I find this interesting precisely because of what that blog post says about social conditioning for women. If a woman was getting sexy with a man who then revealed he was unwilling to respect her boundaries - or unable to perceive them - should she carry on with her subtler tactics or should she bellow "No, Stop that?"

AbigailAdams · 01/04/2012 07:12

Who are these "socially impaired" men, garlic and why are they trying to have PIV sex with women? Why are they doing harm to women who don't/can't articulate a clearly defined "No, go away".

If, when I was out I got urges to hit people, it wouldn't be up to other people to say no don't hit me, it would be up to me to not hit them (or not put myself in situations where I was going to hit them), social impairment or otherwise. Why should rape be any different, unless you think men have a right to have sex/rape women and women are in a permanent state of "yesness" unless otherwise stated. Neither of which are true of course.

garlicbutter · 01/04/2012 00:15

Lol. I tried.

TrophyEyes · 31/03/2012 23:59

So, it's down to the victim to work out if her potential rapist is "socially impaired"? Hmm

Or are you just saying all socially or communicatively impaired men are a threat? Hmm

garlicbutter · 31/03/2012 23:44

Either you're splitting one short post into two separate arguments, Trophy, or we have misunderstood each other - easily done on a forum, to be sure.

I said that, if you were dealing with a person whose communication skills were badly impaired, the only clear instruction would be No, Stop That Now. I then said that we shouldn't treat all accused rapists as if they were impaired.

Basically, we seem to be agreeing that accused rapists (unless they actually have a social/communication impairment) should be expected to understand normal stop signals.

If the person is impaired, they have to be told ultra-clearly.

If we differ at all, it might be that I think it's safest to err on the side of caution and to communicate clearly at all times.

(which I appear to have failed to do here Hmm)

Heyyyho · 31/03/2012 22:58

It doesn't take the brains of an Archbishop to figure out when someone doesn't want to engage in sex with you.

What a load of utter bollocks.

TrophyEyes · 31/03/2012 22:52

I didn't say that was victim blaming, Garlic Butter. I said that telling people the only clear refusal was a firm "no, stop that now" was.

garlicbutter · 31/03/2012 19:24

Should we assume that every bullying man is thus impaired? No, we shouldn't

I don't see how that's victim blaming.

AbigailAdams · 31/03/2012 19:19

Lenak - just because it is the dominant ideology does not mean to say it has any credence or worth. It is a myth. I really can't believe you came on to the feminist section touting this, especially during the "We believe you" campaign.

TrophyEyes · 31/03/2012 19:01

Garlic, I linked on the first or second page a poster which detailed commonly recognised ways of saying "No"

Rape happens because rapists refuse to accept a "No", verbal or non verbal. How hard is this to understand. There are hundreds of ways of saying "no". Hundreds. All of which are commonly understood.

It is so common, so unbelievably common, for someone in a potential rape situation to freeze out of fear. Telling people the only clear refusal is a "No, stop that now!" is victim blaming, however you want to dress it up.

garlicbutter · 31/03/2012 18:28

Trophy, I think the question is about what happens at the point of refusal ... looking into how it happens, rather than disputing whether it happened.

The only 100% clear refusal is a powerful No, Stop That Now. In some situations where you were dealing with, say, a person incapable of understanding non-verbal clues and social niceties, that would be the only way to make yourself adequately clear.

Should we assume that every bullying man is thus impaired? No, we shouldn't, so I agree with K&F in lenak's OP. But I think we also need to recognise that social niceties are not universally understood and are easier to dismiss than clear instructions.

TrophyEyes · 31/03/2012 18:14

But how people refuse sex has nothing to do with rape, because the rapist has already refused to acknowledge his partner's refusal for sex, be it verbal or non verbal.

lenak · 31/03/2012 18:05

Beach I think academic feminism is mostly bollocks.

It may be, I wouldn't know. I am studying Discourse Analysis and Sociolinguistics.

It is very damaging to women to suggest in any way whatsoever that they can influence whether they are raped or not - by concentrating on how women refuse sex, your argument is doing just that.

You are focusing on a red herring, in fact worse than a red herring - a rape myth. I fail to see how that is going to help women who are raped and I don't see what is scientific about it. Quite the contrary.

I am simply trying to study how language is used in a particular situation. I am not trying to suggest anything to women, I am not working on any original research. I am evaluating two existing sociolinguistic schools of thought.

I am concentrating on how people refuse sex and how they understand others to be refusing sex, because that is the bit that is relevant to sociolinguistics which is what I am studying. That is the subject of the transcript I had to analyse and the subject of the supporting reading material.

Garlic

That's interesting and I agree with a lot of what you say. It just goes to show there is some overlap between the two arguments.

Studying how people communicate is certainly fascinating - I had to look at Foucault's theories on discourse as part of this assignment, but I daren't ask for opinions on his ideas - the thread may explode!

OP posts:
Nyac · 31/03/2012 18:02

Do you really believe that the social sciences are science and can claim the same level of authority as the natural sciences lenak? That would be rather odd.

Nyac · 31/03/2012 17:56

"OK - once again - I am not studying feminism or politics, I am studying Discourse Analysis e.g. The Use of Language"

But you brought this up in the feminist section.

garlicbutter · 31/03/2012 17:52

Cross-post. I think juries understand this well enough; prosecutions should perhaps be painting a clearer picture for them. In that respect, I agree with K&F's argument!

But I'd still like to see younger people and women more educated in their right to say No. It's a useful word Wink

lenak · 31/03/2012 17:48

Abigail If you are still reading this then my issue is that you are giving this misogynistic twaddle credence. It doesn't have credence and its roots aren't in reality.

sigh - It does have credence Abigail - it is not me giving it credence, it is the dominant ideology. It is why women are taught to say No, encouraged to overide normative ways of refusal. It is why Juries find men no guilty of rape because they do not think that the woman articulated her refusal clearly enough.

Nyac This isn't science, this is social science, they aren't the same thing. And it certainly has no claim on higher knowledge or understanding than feminist theory, quite the opposite.

Your views on social science explain a lot about why you are so dismissive.

garlic But, in an everyday snogging situation - which I think is what you're referring to - that's going too far, the problem is the power imbalance that arises when one party (we're assuming the man) begins to override the other's wishes. This is very much a communication issue.

When the woman's already done the hand-moving, the diversionary tactics and the polite refusals outlined in your second theory - and the man chooses to ignore her - he's then taken an aggressive stance against her. This is when she needs to know it's okay to say No clearly and strongly. What you're looking at is a shift along social norms. Up to that point, the activity's been consensual and continually negotiate, according to the prevailing norms. When the consenusality ends, the normative communication should end also.

Yes, these arguments are relevant specifically to date rape / acquaintance rape. I agree about the need to say no clearly when normal means of refusal have failed.

I think the issue is the pushing of the idea that a No should be the first response and if it isn't given and only 'normal' refusal methods are used then somehow the woman was not clear enough, even though normal methods of refusal are understood perfectly by men in everyday life. The Kitzinger and Frith school of thought is to do with altering these expectations, taking away the excuse of "she didn't say no" or at the very least preventing juries and wider society at large from accepting it as an excuse.

OP posts:
Beachcomber · 31/03/2012 17:44

And juries need fewer rape myths. Not more.

They need to take the focus off the women and place it firmly where it belongs - on the rapist.

It is very damaging to women to suggest in any way whatsoever that they can influence whether they are raped or not - by concentrating on how women refuse sex, your argument is doing just that.

You are focusing on a red herring, in fact worse than a red herring - a rape myth. I fail to see how that is going to help women who are raped and I don't see what is scientific about it. Quite the contrary.

So I find the subject flawed. Hence why I think it is bollocks - because I have analysed it and I disagree with it.

garlicbutter · 31/03/2012 17:44

I find this interesting. But then, I'm slightly obsessed with communication - which is why I should have known better, above, and used a non-rape-related illustration or at least said "You might be screaming".

stop people asking when it comes rape "Did she say no clearly enough?" and instead get them asking "Did he deliberately [ignore] her refusal which was articulated in a culturally 'normal' way".

There are situations where the recommended communication is different from the everyday. If you see a house on fire, it's better to shout "Fire!" than check with someone else first. You may manhandle a child who's running into moving traffic. The question might be: Is a romantic situation, which has turned aggressive, a sufficient emergency to drop the social norms and shout No?

I would say it is, but that still leaves the burden of responsibility on the weaker party. It's unfair. There's also the complication of an ongoing relationship: I might think no woman "should" harbour any desire to keep a relationship with a man who acts like that, but she very likely might want to keep it ... at that moment. So she'll continue trying polite persuasion where strong defence would serve her better.

Would a jury understand her persuasive efforts? I think they would, actually, and maybe the prosecutors are at fault here. "I was enjoying it until he ... then I said Stop but he just carried on ..." is a common enough story in most people's lives. We say Stop; Pack it in; Don't do that, do this; Not now - etc. We know that to ignore "stop signs" is wrong and rude. Juries know it.

Should there be a requirement for the word No to be used? No!
But I stand firm for increased use of the word No, and for better understanding of boundaries, among both (all) genders.

I'm waffling aren't I Blush

Beachcomber · 31/03/2012 17:36

I think you are confusing academia with analysis.

I'm all for analysis - I just think it is something that everybody can do. You don't need to be able to read or write to engage in feminist analysis.

I think academic feminism is mostly bollocks. I think feminist analysis (and indeed all sorts of other analysis) is vital.

Academics do not own analysis.

I don't think all academia is bollocks, lots of it is brilliant. My comments are reserved for what academia seems to do to feminism.

lenak · 31/03/2012 17:20

OK - once again - I am not studying feminism or politics, I am studying Discourse Analysis e.g. The Use of Language

Beach: "We are not saying that science and analysis are bollocks."

Really?

"There is very little in academic feminism that has been useful to women"
"The "window for refusal to be heard" is just abstract academic bollocks."
"I don't understand what you are trying to achieve or analyse lenak. Sounds like bollocks to me."
"Which is why I think it sounds like a load of academic bollocks."

Those four statements seem to suggest otherwise, wouldn't you say? I did not say I was leaving the thread because I didn't like what was being said, however, it is almost impossible to have an academic debate with people who declare academic study 'bollocks'.

However, I will try one last time to explain where I am coming from:

The study of the language used in sexual refusal is vitally important for several reasons:

Sex education and rape prevention programmes advocate that where unwanted sexual advances are being made, women should give a clear, unequivocal, unvarnished "No" spoken with a tone and accompanied by the relevant body language that makes it clear that it is not a token refusal. Further they state that it is counter-productive to give a reason. This is therefore what both sexes come to see as the accepted norm, because this is what they are taught.

This idea largely comes from Miscommunication theory which states that men and women communicate so differently that this level of clarity is required. Miscommunication theory came from the study of real life conversations. It is not just about miscommunication when it comes to sex, it is about miscommunication is all aspects of life.

This idea that only a clear unequivocal no will suffice is so ingrained in the cultural thinking around sex and rape that it impacts on whether a man will be found guilty and to what extent he is punished (this is where the victim blaming comes in - e.g. she wasn't clear enough).

The other side of the argument is that refusals are more complex than that and that they rarely contain the word no, yet are still recognised as refusals by both sexes in non-sexual situations. Therefore it is counter-intuitive to expect direct refusals in sexual situations.

Most of you seem to agree with this. I do too. It makes sense.

But

It goes against the perceived wisdom that is currently dominant in our culture that a clear and unequivocal no is the best way for a woman to communicate her unwillingness to have sex.

The likes of Kitzinger and Frith and other social scientists that follow their line of thinking are, through their research, compiling evidence to prove, without a doubt, the complexity of refusals and that saying no is not required for men to understand sexual rejection. They are doing so through the study of language used by men and women using scientifically accepted methods and publishing their research.

Yes, it seems like common sense to those who are engaged with the debates around rape and consent, but for those who aren't, many still have trouble with understanding why many rape victims did not clearly say no to their attacker. These are ordinary people, who may be sat on a Jury in a rape trial. It is not their fault that they think a no should be clearly articulated, it does not make them misogynists - they will simply have not thought about it in any depth and simply be accepting of the dominant idea in society.

Publishing that research and getting it discussed is part of the process of overturning the current dominant school of thought and replacing it with this one. Political activism on it's own won't do it. The evidence offered by Kitzinger and Frith is what will eventually stop people asking when it comes rape "Did she say no clearly enough?" and instead get them asking "Did he deliberately her refusal which was articulated in a culturally 'normal' way".

Here's another article which discusses the subject:

www.guardian.co.uk/books/2007/oct/02/gender.familyandrelationships

People who are politically engaged with any cause, whether that be feminism, race relations, gay rights, the labour movement or conservatism often forget that the ordinary person on the street, gets 'turned off' by politics. They see it as a cause that does not affect them or that they have no interest in. However, they will often engage with scientific evidence, particularly when it gets picked up by the press.

But you can continue to debate the issues in your politically engaged bubble and declare evidenced based science academic bollocks if you wish - I just think that by working with the academic and scientific world, rather than dismissing it, the ultimate aim can be achieved much quicker.

OP posts: