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The 11+ was a eugenics test to weed out genetically "inferior" children, created by a classicist who falsified his research

408 replies

ParentOfOne · 09/10/2025 10:03

I had already made a post a few months ago about why I think the 11+ and similar tests are flawed.

Since many families have just gone or are going through the 11+ drama now, I just wanted post a short but timely reminder that the 11+ was born as a eugenics test at the beginning of last century, when eugenics was all the rage. That meant looking for pseudo-scientific ways to improve the genetic "quality" of human population, by identifying "inferior" races and individuals, and "improving" the other ones.

The father of the 11+ was Cyril Burt, a posh t*at gentleman who studied classics at Oxford and then took an interest in psychology, without any training in medicine, psychology, mathematics, statistics.

He became convinced that intelligence was innate and not affected by the environment, and therefore wanted to find ways to identify the innately gifted and intelligent children, with the not so subtle implication that everyone else could go f* themselves was better suited for other, less academic pursuits.

Before dying, he burnt all his records and notes, and the current academic consensus is that he was guilty of scientific misconduct (falsifying data).

A campaign group against the 11+ and selective schools summarises his story here

If that seems too partisan, you might want to read what the British Psychological Society has to say (spoiler: mostly the same things).

To recap:

  • the 11+ was created by a posh t* who had studied Classics and lacked any training in psychology, statistics, mathematics, the sciences in general
  • the ideology behind it was the (now debunked) idea that intelligence is innate and unaffected by the environment
  • the gentleman in question had fabricated a large part of his research
  • there is no scientific study on the reliability of these tests, on how better or not the kids who ace these tests do vs the kids who do not, on why answering those questions in 30 seconds makes you more intelligent than answering them in 45, etc
  • the very concept of IQ is controversial
  • when similar tests are used by psychologists, they cannot be administered too frequently, otherwise the results are biased. This alone proves that the notion that there can be no tutoring is utter bs, as proven by the huge industry that exists around tutoring for the 11+
  • it is well known that selective and partially selective state schools are hugely SOCIALLY selective; the % of kids on free school meals at those schools is always much lower than elsewhere (e.g. only 5.8% at Henrietta Barnett in London). Cyryl Burt would have said that richer kids are inherently more intelligent; I call bs and say those schools select the kids whose families can either tutor them themselves or pay for tutoring

So, if you are non-white and/or non-British and/or working class, remember that these tests were conceived with the explicit aim of weeding out undesirable and obviously genetically inferior people like you (if any artificial stupidity censor reads this, that was sarcasm ).

Cyril Burt - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Burt

OP posts:
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Araminta1003 · 12/10/2025 07:19

The overall education system is good. Primary works well for many children and academically at least, plenty of children do make progress, settle at school, enable their parents to work, have friends and a community. And on a happiness index are fine. School lunches and exercise at school not ideal, but otherwise overall fine. The curriculum there is rather challenging too.

It is 11-16 that something seems to be going very wrong for a lot of children, including those with not the highest needs, but more minor needs which I reckon they are dealing with better in other countries - which comes as a surprise because traditionally England was seen as SEND understanding/friendly.
To then just blame it all on 11 plus (5% of kids overall left) is just another cheap shot, like the private school VAT was. We have to talk about and deal with the majority (the 90%) and within that the percentage who are struggling. That is SEND and primarily those for whom GCSEs are just too inaccessible. Having had several kids go through GCSEs and 10 or more with high achievers I can firmly say the new form GCSEs are extremely content heavy and really quite challenging for many kids. Hence the high failure rates and high rates of failure on retakes. This and SEND needs sorting. I am sure absolutely everyone in charge knows this as it is incredibly obvious to pretty much everyone. So all the diatribes against the privileged few in grammars (academic privilege I mean) and private schools (mostly economic privilege) are just a massive and pointless deflection of the underlying issues that need sorting out urgently. I mean would it be that difficult for lots of state secondaries to have hubs with tailored qualifications and timetables for those who cannot follow the full standard GCSE curriculum. If you gave most schools plenty of cash per pupil I reckon they could sort this quite quickly. They are used to working wonders.

Sixth Form again, if you make the basic grades demanded, is quite OK for many as well.

Barbadosgirl · 12/10/2025 07:05

Talipesmum · 09/10/2025 13:07

He. OP is male.
I believe the OP has a lot of genuine deeply felt issues with the way a lot of education is set up in the UK, or England, not sure. His points are less about issues he’s encountered, and more broadly on how problems with the system should be challenged. I think he’s genuinely up for a debate on these topics, but does tend to harangue rather than listen.

Oh, he’s male. That makes sense.

I have seen no evidence he is up for a debate. Rather a dogmatic rant and white lipped rage at anyone who disagrees with him.

I just assumed from the posts this is a very angry/bitter person who either did not pass or whose kids did not pass and now wants to rant at the world about how the system (which is now a tiny part of the overall education system) is wrong.

if you think this is bad wait until you find out about some people paying for their kids to go to school with smaller class sizes and more resources.

Lionfisher · 12/10/2025 06:22

RingoJuice · 12/10/2025 05:36

This whole thread has been darkly fascinating and really gets to what is the purpose of education?

Some people think it should reduce inequality, but if you do it correctly, it will only accelerate inequality. You want your top performers to do very well, these will be the cohort forwarding your society. It isn’t hard to identify them. Any teacher knows the top performers. It will be exactly as the same as those who perform well on IQ tests.

I agree. This thread feels like another race to the the bottom type criticism of society, where people at the bottom (by whatever measure) would be doing much better if only the people at the top didn’t do so damn well.

But you’re right we do need outstanding people from our education system. They are the great minds who will go on to improve and change the world. I don’t care where they come from as long as we find them and their talents are used well. And if they’re not, our country is over because we will be competing with people from around the world who are encouraged to progress through the system… systems which are far more cut throat than the 11+.

I like the 11+.

Done well, it give kids a chance to start secondary path on a strong footing and identify areas of strength and weakness. Too many people don’t take their first exams until GCSE, which puts them at a disadvantage to those who have more test experience (including revision). The problem is the parents who have unrealistic expectations of their child. I think it should be complimented by wider choice in subjects and streaming. If done well I think it can be valuable, if done badly it’s not.

The answer is to do it better, not take the opportunity away from people who can do well just because others don’t.

RingoJuice · 12/10/2025 05:36

This whole thread has been darkly fascinating and really gets to what is the purpose of education?

Some people think it should reduce inequality, but if you do it correctly, it will only accelerate inequality. You want your top performers to do very well, these will be the cohort forwarding your society. It isn’t hard to identify them. Any teacher knows the top performers. It will be exactly as the same as those who perform well on IQ tests.

BreakingBroken · 12/10/2025 00:22

you might like this scholarly report. genetics

www.nature.com/articles/s41539-018-0019-8

BreakingBroken · 12/10/2025 00:10

this statement is totally untrue @ParentOfOne But the same kids would have probably achieved similar results elsewhere, too.
teens are particularly influenced by their peers, that bright student placed in an environment with multiple challenges will not reach their full potential if for no other reason than the staff will not be able to nurture their talent all while managing low level disruption.

there's a certain amount of pull from an environment that is stimulating and bouncing ideas around vs and environment where the children are bouncing off the walls. even if the same material is covered there will be more depth and breadth in an accelerated environment.
not to mention the social contagion of leaving school early, sexual harassment and behaviors such as smoking/drinking/drugs and sex.

BreakingBroken · 11/10/2025 23:58

11+ test: I think it's unfair and elitist | Mumsnet
same op same poorly developed thoughts.
the current educational options with a mish mash of circa 1945 grammar schools, 9 elite public schools, independents, state primary and state secondary schools is like a badly put together patch work quilt (please feel free to expand on this list as there is loads I've missed).
you might be able to envision a better system for the future, but right now there are more challenges than money and what is needed is a whole system overhaul starting with SEN and MH provisions for children who are struggling with our current society and unable to function in the current educational system.

the problem isn't the 11+ or grammar schools. a child with totally untapped raw talent most likely will not be spotted until well into his teen years if ever. a poorly fed child, who had little stimulation or nurturing is unlikely to be a shining star until they leave home and are independent. their family history and environment holds them back not the exam. would you like a dystopian world where 3 year olds are removed entirely from parents and fully taken care of by the state with the state testing streaming and choosing their profession for them.

the number of young people who have athletic physical builds could be easily picked out of a crowd and with some biometric measurements streamed into the right sport for their body type but it won't mean much if the children are unhappy. there is no guarantee that the children will have the right mental drive or desire to medal at the olympics.

it all sounds a bit communist circa 1970's.

ParentOfOne · 11/10/2025 23:20

@Neurodiversitydoctor Well at Oxford 50% of students are state educated of those most attended grammar school going to an ordinary comprehensive makes it much less likely you will attend the UKs best Universities.

Actually, the % of state-educated students at Oxford has been higher than 50% for a while, ranging between 66-68%
https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/facts-and-figures/admissions-statistics/undergraduate-students/current/school-type

I don't know what the % of grammar school students is, but I'm not sure I can rely on your number (source?) since the other was so off.

going to an ordinary comprehensive makes it much less likely you will attend the UKs best Universities.

No. You are comparing apples and oranges. The intake is different. It's not like they both take the same students, but one produces more Oxbridge graduates than the other. Selective schools get best results because their intake is more academic. But the same kids would have probably achieved similar results elsewhere, too.

Indeed, there are quite a few studies confirming this very point: grammar schools make no difference to exam grades. The academic publication is here.

To make an example: does going to Eaton increase your chances of learning to ski and having a second home? Or do most kids who go to Eaton come from wealthy families who have second homes and who all ski, and who would have done so regardless of the choice of school?

OP posts:
Travelmad777 · 11/10/2025 22:43

Travelmad777 · 11/10/2025 18:52

I think we have very different experiences @ParentOfOne ParentOfOne. In our area our comprehensives are not affected by the grammar schools. In fact they have amazing offerings and great teachers. What resources do you see being sucked by grammars out of the comprehensive system?

My concern is that if all the schools in our area were made into comprehensives, the grammar kids would start to make up a large portion of the vocationally minded schools. This would change the dynamics of what was offered at these schools and the children currently enjoying vocational options would have them removed and at least diminished. What is your solution for comprehensive schools being able to provide a wide range of options?

Edited

@ParentOfOne I think my post got lost in the mix. Any thoughts?

Neurodiversitydoctor · 11/10/2025 22:36

ParentOfOne · 11/10/2025 12:39

@Travelmad777
I still fail to see how making all schools comprehensives will cater for the broad range of intake. [...] I just think a one size fits all is disastrous for everyone.

How much do you even know about state comps?
Your mistake is assuming that, at state comps, everyone does the same. That's absolutely NOT the case.

At most comps, kids will be divided into sets.
The more academic kids take the higher paper of certain subjects, and are offered more challenging and academic subjects (further maths, triple science, etc).
The less academic kids take the foundation papers and have other options.

It's not an idealistic utopia - that's exactly what happens now all over England (I have no idea about the other parts of the UK).

So, you see, there is still selection and differentiation.
What's the difference vs the 11+ and grammars, you might ask?
It's that:

  • this selection is a continuous process
  • it is not based on a one-off overtutored test taken when kids are 10
  • it caters much better to those who excel in one area but not in another
  • it gives more opportunities to the bright kids who don't have family support at home
  • the 11+ is a highly imperfect selection tool, which misclassifies about 1/4 of the kids. That's quite the biggie

@Neurodiversitydoctor and if you tell me he would have done just as well at the local sink school or even in a bog standard comp I simply don't believe you. Also FWIW I think a lot of his potential was genetically coded.

I care more about what research finds, than about what a random stranger thinks, based on a sample size of 1.

Eg research by Durham suggests that grammar schools do NOT boost grades (more info here)

Let's not forget that only ca. 5ish % of English secondary school students attend a grammar. How do you think the remaining 95% cope? How do you think the remaining 95% progress at university and in the workplace? Grammars do not have a monopoly on Oxbridge and Russel Group admissions.

Well at Oxford 50% of students are state educated of those most attended grammar school going to an ordinary comprehensive makes it much less likely you will attend the UKs best Universities.

Underthinker · 11/10/2025 22:35

ParentOfOne · 11/10/2025 22:21

@Underthinker If that doesn't show that the test is wrong, what would?

What criteria would you use to assess whether the test is working or not?
You seem to imply you think the test works reasonably well; is that right? If so, why do you think that?

And how do you explain the huge discrepancies in test structure from school to school?

I suppose I would question whether an entrance test can be right or wrong.
The schools want a cohort of bright a academic kids, and the 11+ gives them that, so in that sense it works for the schools.

I have 2 bright girls, one who I would say was very suited to the 11+ style test (and just passed it) the other less so (a deep thinker rather than a quick thinker). If my youngest doesn't go to a grammar it's the school's loss frankly. But that wouldn't make me think the test was wrong, its doing what it aims to do and selects a certain type of kid.

ParentOfOne · 11/10/2025 22:29

@xenia The best part about "free" university in Scotland is that it's paid for by England, since Scotland is not fiscally self-sufficient, but needs to be subsidised by England.

Solidarity and fiscal transfers from richer to poorer regions are fair and sensible.
What doesn't make sense is when a poorer region has "autonomy" and devolved powers, so decides to provide certain benefits, which end up being paid for by the residents of other regions who do not have those benefits! We literally have English builders paying for free university for the children of Scottish doctors.

Also, since Scotland does not pay its universities enough, Scottish Universities have a cap on Scottish students. AFAIK, English universities cannot discriminate between Scottish and English students. Scottish universities must, otherwise they'd all go bankrupt!!!!

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Xenia · 11/10/2025 22:22

Itr is a complx issue. My parents did well because they were bright so passed the 11+ in areas where just about no one going to state school was rich like Sunderland (North Yorkshire mentioned above where my siblings lives where someone said results can be good is not NE England of course and it has pretty smart places like York and Harrogate in it). I suppose to an extent they were moved into a different world of things like latin, classical music and a chance at uhniversity which those who didn't pass had less chance of getting (although poor working class adults working through night school to get educated and learn about opera etc etc definitely also existed then, post WWII).

In other area it may have been different.

The non selective schools schools which stream I think the Sutton Trust found did as well as areas of the country with grammars in A levels over all.

What annoys me is that some parts of the same nation of the UK have grammar schools and others do not and yet half UK households pay income tax so I don't see why some areas have something different - it woudl be like saying London or Newcastle won't get an NHS and others places will. In a state system having differences based on where you live is a bit much. I also object that those in Wales does not pay prescription charges and those in Scotland no university fees. These things divide the UK rather than bringing us together.

ParentOfOne · 11/10/2025 22:21

@Underthinker If that doesn't show that the test is wrong, what would?

What criteria would you use to assess whether the test is working or not?
You seem to imply you think the test works reasonably well; is that right? If so, why do you think that?

And how do you explain the huge discrepancies in test structure from school to school?

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Arran2024 · 11/10/2025 22:08

User37482 · 11/10/2025 20:41

Yeah but we need people like this to actually push progress and innovation forward.

I agree. I'm simply querying whether kids at these super selective schools really want it- Andre Agassi and Stephi Graf were both highly successful tennis players but never wanted it, but were pushed into it by their parents, and I just wonder how it pans out with highly academic schools.

Surely brilliant mathematical minds will rise to the top anyway? Aren't these schools better at uplifting more middling students?

Underthinker · 11/10/2025 22:08

ParentOfOne · 11/10/2025 21:37

@Garamousalata I suspect that grammar school advocates probably consider you and the 25ish% of kids who get misclassified as acceptable collateral damage... The same people who attack me for "mansplaining" why the test is flawed

No one was "misclassified". The PP didn't get a high enough mark on a test so didn't go to grammar school. The fact that they went on to get good grades is great, but doesn't show the test was wrong.

Garamousalata · 11/10/2025 21:53

Research clearly shows that intelligence is not fixed and so cannot be judged at a set age.

Grammar school enthusiasts can believe what ever they want but hard evidence is available for anyone to access.

ParentOfOne · 11/10/2025 21:37

@Garamousalata I suspect that grammar school advocates probably consider you and the 25ish% of kids who get misclassified as acceptable collateral damage... The same people who attack me for "mansplaining" why the test is flawed

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Garamousalata · 11/10/2025 21:31

I failed the 11+ and went to an awful secondary modern. I left school believing I wasn’t clever.

I was fortunate to go back into education as an adult. I thought I would try and study my GCSEs. I felt like an imposter but I persevered. I was utterly astonished to achieve As in every subject. I went on to do two A levels in a year. Again I achieved As. I now have a diploma, a degree and a post grad in education.

The 11+ is not a reliable test. It’s flawed in every respect.

ParentOfOne · 11/10/2025 21:13

@BlueandWhitePorcelain our experience was not as per the title of your thread - that the 11 plus was a eugenics test.

That the origin of the test is rooted in eugenics, and that the creator of the test was a classicist (not a psychologist, not a scientist) who advocated eugenics and falsified his "research" are historical facts.

working class children did get to grammar schools and benefited enormously from it, in terms of social mobility

At a time when tutoring wasn't the big industry it is today, and the only alternative where schools which levelled everyone to the lowest common denominator, possibly. Now it's very different.

And, even then, the reality was much more nuanced than you imply.
The 1960s and 70s were times of huge change, with a general shift away from lower paid factory work and towards better paid service jobs.
There is an argument to be made that the improvement you mention may have well been caused more by these societal changes than by grammar schools, and that a different schooling system may well have achieved the same.

Indeed, there are studies concluding that the shift from grammar schools to comps had little effect on social mobility, like this on: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537123000118?via%3Dihub

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BlueandWhitePorcelain · 11/10/2025 21:10

Oh, and DD2 did psychology AS level. The first thing the teacher did was to ask every student to tell the class their GCSE grades. DD2 got 6 A*s and 7 As (because she did the triple sciences as separate subjects). That can’t have done the confidence of some students much good?

BlueandWhitePorcelain · 11/10/2025 21:01

ParentOfOne · 09/10/2025 22:50

@BlueandWhitePorcelain DH and I did the 11 plus in the 60s. Tutoring was an unknown concept to us and our school friends. [...]
I don’t recognise what OP is talking about at all.

I accept that in the 1960 it may well have been different. As you say, tutoring was not a thing back then.
But it's a different world now.
Now the selective and partially selective schools happen to accept far fewer students on free school meals - a proxy to show that poorer kids are under-represented in these schools.

You cannot use your experience from the 1960 to "not recognise" what is happening in 2025

@GirlsInGreen I'm still getting my smear test despite its wicked roots
@Underthinker If wind turbines had been originally designed to decapitate pigeons, it wouldn't call their current use to generate electricity into question.

I have already answered these points. There is scientific proof that the smear test works, regardless of its roots.

I am not aware of much scientific evidence confirming the hypothesis that Burt failed to prove (and which led him to falsify his research) on intelligence being completely unaffected by the environment, nor on much scientific evidence on whether / why 10 is an adequate age to test, nor on why a grammar system would be better than a comp with sets, which differentiates its offer over time.

Big differences vs your examples.

Yes, but our experience was not as per the title of your thread - that the 11 plus was a eugenics test. As I said, working class children did get to grammar schools and benefited enormously from it, in terms of social mobility.

It wouldn’t be my experience today, because my LA is all comprehensives. What I did see, as a pp has said, was that Year 6 SATS and even more so, cognitive ability tests in Year 7 were used to inform the setting. So, I can’t really see the difference between cognitive ability testing and the 11 plus?

How is being put in the bottom sets materially different to children’s self confidence from failing the 11 plus? Or, even in a mixed ability set, surely the lowest achievers could see other academically more able children getting everything right, where they struggled?

I had a DD1 with complex SEN, who felt a failure at 4, because she was way behind the mainstream children - and she ended up with psychotherapy under CAMHS.

ParentOfOne · 11/10/2025 20:54

@User37482 I haven’t read the whole thread but does that mean 75% of children performed as you would expect? Thats pretty reasonable imo given kids aren’t robots.

Misclassifying 1/4 of the kids is still too high an error rate.
And the correlation with the Y6 SATs is even lower.

Also remember that there is little consistency and transparency, and no scientific backing, on how the 11+ is structured.
If there were scientific evidence on how the 11+ should be structured, and the 11+ tests were all the same, I'd be more supportive. That's not the case.

The time available for each question varies from test to test. As does the content. As does the score required in each part of the test. A kid who fails the test in one region might have passed that of another, and viceversa.
It's just too random.

One school requires you to do a spatial reasoning test to consider you academic enough, another doesn't, one gives you 30 seconds per question, another 50.... Come on!

For GCSE and A-levels, the Ofqual ensures (or tries to...) that the various exam boards are comparable. There is no comparable oversight on the 11+.
Again: it's just too random.

We would all be up in arms if these differences applied to the various exam boards. But when it comes to the 11+ people just accept it. I don't get it.

@Araminta1003
I find the whole idea of the threat of moving up and down sets depending on your hormones and constant assessment in the key growth years scarier than the 11 plus

I hear you.
But there are really only two ways: either we assess continuously, or we assess once when the kids are aged 10, and then no more. Given all the issues with the latter approach (eg see above), I don't find it convincing.

As for cycling anywhere, I don't cycle on narrow, poorly lit country roads, where the limit is 40mph but everyone drives at 60, because my self-preservation instinct trumps my love for cycling, but horses for courses :)

OP posts:
Araminta1003 · 11/10/2025 20:43

“But if a cycling advocate drives to work because there is no cycle path and no public transport, they are not hypocrites, they are simply playing the hand they are dealt. Same thing here.”

Not for me @ParentOfOne - I would wear a high vis vest and still cycle!

User37482 · 11/10/2025 20:41

Arran2024 · 11/10/2025 12:13

There is more to life than a top degree.

Yeah but we need people like this to actually push progress and innovation forward.

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