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Please explain exam boards to me: why so many? Why doesn't the DofE do it?

234 replies

ParentOfOne · 09/09/2025 10:32

This is going to sound a very banal question, but can someone please explain the concept of exam boards?

In many other countries, it's the Department of Education that sets the national curriculum and prepares the national exams (GCSE, A-levels and equivalents).

  • Why do we have various boards in the UK?
  • Are they all private entities?
  • Who pays for them?
  • Has it always been like this, or was there a time when it was all done by the Department of Education?
  • How meaningful are the differences between exam boards? Eg how much of a difference is there between Edexcel maths and AQA maths?
  • Is each secondary school free to choose which exam board to follow?
  • How comparable are the programs and the difficulty? Does this create an unfair advantage, if getting a high score is easier with one board than another?
  • If there are no meaningful differences, why do we have multiple exam boards?

I have seen that Wikipedia provides some history https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Examination_boards_in_the_United_Kingdom but doesn't address the main questions

OP posts:
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ParentOfOne · 09/09/2025 14:25

Araminta1003 · 09/09/2025 14:17

There are loads of forms of selection in this country, the mainstream one is buying your way via postcode into a school of your choice. Grammar/private/faith at least are honest about it! The former is done all over the country. Why limiting it to just the former somehow is desirable and fairer is beyond me. Would just create even more pressure on house prices/rents close to good schools. Be grateful there are other options out there to balance that one out somewhat. It gives some people other options, which alleviates the pressure.

I don't follow your logic: the presence of other forms of discrimination justifies discrimination based on faith? No, that's not my view at all.

For the record, I had made posts criticising the 11+ / grammar concept
https://www.mumsnet.com/talk/secondary/5250645-11-test-i-think-its-unfair-and-elitist

and admission by distance
https://www.mumsnet.com/talk/secondary/5348874-random-allocation-of-places-not-by-distance-thoughts-and-experiences?page=1

11+ test: I think it's unfair and elitist | Mumsnet

We are helping our child prepare for the 11+ test, to apply for some selective and partially selective state schools (we won't be going private). She...

https://www.mumsnet.com/talk/secondary/5250645-11-test-i-think-its-unfair-and-elitist

OP posts:
twistyizzy · 09/09/2025 14:20

ParentOfOne · 09/09/2025 14:17

@twistyizzy You accept no shame? Oh what a surprise. Even those who thought slavery and racial segregation were good and God's will accepted no shame.

The difference between me and you is that I don't want state-funded schools which propose my worldview and discriminate against others.
For the record, I would totally oppose a hypothetical school which does exactly that.

How this means I oppose plurality of choice is beyond my comprehension.

You don't need other taxpayers to fund a school which discriminates against other worldviews to teach your children your religion.

That the faith character makes schools better is notoriously nonsense. Most tend to be more socially selective, as explained by the Sutton Trust in several occasions https://www.suttontrust.com/our-research/selective-comprehensives-2024/

You are obviously unaware of the segregated and selective nature of many state schools in UK.
Where have I said I want schools to discriminate 🤣🤣?

I don't even have a faith so your accusations are baseless.

Yes 100% you have an agenda here. I don't think you understand what you are really talking about here so I'm out.

Araminta1003 · 09/09/2025 14:17

There are loads of forms of selection in this country, the mainstream one is buying your way via postcode into a school of your choice. Grammar/private/faith at least are honest about it! The former is done all over the country. Why limiting it to just the former somehow is desirable and fairer is beyond me. Would just create even more pressure on house prices/rents close to good schools. Be grateful there are other options out there to balance that one out somewhat. It gives some people other options, which alleviates the pressure.

ParentOfOne · 09/09/2025 14:17

@twistyizzy You accept no shame? Oh what a surprise. Even those who thought slavery and racial segregation were good and God's will accepted no shame.

The difference between me and you is that I don't want state-funded schools which propose my worldview and discriminate against others.
For the record, I would totally oppose a hypothetical school which does exactly that.

How this means I oppose plurality of choice is beyond my comprehension.

You don't need other taxpayers to fund a school which discriminates against other worldviews to teach your children your religion.

That the faith character makes schools better is notoriously nonsense. Most tend to be more socially selective, as explained by the Sutton Trust in several occasions https://www.suttontrust.com/our-research/selective-comprehensives-2024/

Selective Comprehensives 2024 - The Sutton Trust

Our latest research highlighting the issues with school admissions.

https://www.suttontrust.com/our-research/selective-comprehensives-2024/

OP posts:
twistyizzy · 09/09/2025 14:09

ParentOfOne · 09/09/2025 14:06

@twistyizzy Yes it's under Article 2 combimed, or alongside, Article 14
It isn't about discrimination, it's about parental having the right to have their child educated according to their religion etc. That's why you legally couldn't get rid of them.

Thank you for reminding me that current UK laws allow this kind of discrimination. None of what you have written changes my point.

Everyone's taxes are being used to fund schools which discriminate admission based on religion. That's a fact. You can call it prioritise instead of discriminate if you'd like, but the facts remain the same.

It is also an undeniable fact that we would not accept this kind of discrimination for other state-funded services. We wouldn't accept it for hospitals or GPs, for example.

These are the facts. You can change the words but you cannot change the facts.

Shame on you for approving this kind of discrimination.

But a country so rooted in tradition that it still has a monarchy is unlikely to accept these self-evident banalities.

Edited

"Shame on you for approving this kind of discrimination" I accept no shame.

You do have an agenda whatever claims to the contrary you make. It is discrimination to NOT allow parents the option of faith schools.

I believe in plurality of choice. You obviously don't. Maybe concentrate your efforts into demanding better standards of education in non-faith settings.

ParentOfOne · 09/09/2025 14:06

@twistyizzy Yes it's under Article 2 combimed, or alongside, Article 14
It isn't about discrimination, it's about parental having the right to have their child educated according to their religion etc. That's why you legally couldn't get rid of them.

Thank you for reminding me that current UK laws allow this kind of discrimination. None of what you have written changes my point.

Everyone's taxes are being used to fund schools which discriminate admission based on religion. That's a fact. You can call it prioritise instead of discriminate if you'd like, but the facts remain the same.

It is also an undeniable fact that we would not accept this kind of discrimination for other state-funded services. We wouldn't accept it for hospitals or GPs, for example.

These are the facts. You can change the words but you cannot change the facts.

Shame on you for approving this kind of discrimination.

But a country so rooted in tradition that it still has a monarchy is unlikely to accept these self-evident banalities.

OP posts:
titchy · 09/09/2025 14:02

twistyizzy · 09/09/2025 13:56

Exactly, this is a complete non-issue. OP has an agenda

Probably. Certainly doesn’t seem to be a problem with the current system. Unless OP is going to enlighten us…

ParentOfOne · 09/09/2025 14:01

twistyizzy · 09/09/2025 13:56

Exactly, this is a complete non-issue. OP has an agenda

Not everything needs to be a conspiracy.

Like I said (but many seem unable to grasp this banal concept) I do not think it is the most pressing issue in education.

It seemed like an oddity, and I asked about it. That's all.

Of course, if you want to think that I have some kind of dark hidden agenda and ulterior motives, you are more than welcome to think that! :)

OP posts:
titchy · 09/09/2025 13:59

ParentOfOne · 09/09/2025 12:38

@Octavia64 consider if it was car manufacturing. The government nationalises Land Rover - fine. It then bans all other cars from sale in the U.K. so that everyone has to use Land Rover - not fine and breaks any number of laws.

This comparison is utterly irrelevant.
The government's job is to provide a legal and regulatory framework. It is not to build cars.

However, it is the government's job to provide state education, to set the national curriculum and to oversee exam qualifications which are recognised nation-wide.

That's why I said that privatisation makes sense in some areas but not with exams.

Would it make sense to have multiple General Medical Councils, each with similar but slightly different rules and exams, and a government department to oversee that the various councils are similar enough? Of course not, it would be utterly bonkers!

the exam boards make a good living writing and selling qualifications that the U.K. has abandoned - o levels, IGcSEs (old style GCSEs) etc.

And they would be absolutely free to continue selling whatever services to whatever entities or governments want to buy those services from them

It seems to me that in this country we get to combine the worst of privatisation with the worst of state ownership

The GMC are a regulator though, they don’t set exams - that’s up to the royal colleges. Which aren’t owned by the NHS…. So effectively the same system.

As left wing as I am, fully supporting nationalisation, I cannot see how the civil service could do it cheaper than the existing exam boards.

twistyizzy · 09/09/2025 13:56

BananaPeels · 09/09/2025 13:53

I genuinely don’t understand what is wrong with the current system. Seems to work efficiently and has plenty of choice of schools. What is exactly the problem with it?

Exactly, this is a complete non-issue. OP has an agenda

twistyizzy · 09/09/2025 13:56

ParentOfOne · 09/09/2025 13:54

@twistyizzy But it's enshrined within HR act that parents have a choice and state can't interfere with parental religion/ethics etc.
We need more choice in state schools, not less. I am vehemently against any form of homogenous state run educational institutions.

???? Surely you are not saying this nonsense in good faith?

We currently have a system where everyone's taxes pay for schools which discriminate admission based on religion. How is that fair???

You are welcome to teach your children whatever religion you want to teach them. But why use MY tax money for a school which prioritises YOU discriminating against ME? This nonsense would be unconstitutional in many countries, but, hey, we don't even have a proper written constitution here...

I ask again: would you accept a state-funded hospital which discriminates against patients of a certain religion, or of no religion? If you wouldn't, why do you accept it with state schools? Just because you happen to benefit from that discrimination?

Yes it's under Article 2 combimed, or alongside, Article 14

It isn't about discrimination, it's about parental having the right to have their child educated according to their religion etc. That's why you legally couldn't get rid of them.

ParentOfOne · 09/09/2025 13:54

@twistyizzy But it's enshrined within HR act that parents have a choice and state can't interfere with parental religion/ethics etc.
We need more choice in state schools, not less. I am vehemently against any form of homogenous state run educational institutions.

???? Surely you are not saying this nonsense in good faith?

We currently have a system where everyone's taxes pay for schools which discriminate admission based on religion. How is that fair???

You are welcome to teach your children whatever religion you want to teach them. But why use MY tax money for a school which prioritises YOU discriminating against ME? This nonsense would be unconstitutional in many countries, but, hey, we don't even have a proper written constitution here...

I ask again: would you accept a state-funded hospital which discriminates against patients of a certain religion, or of no religion? If you wouldn't, why do you accept it with state schools? Just because you happen to benefit from that discrimination?

OP posts:
BananaPeels · 09/09/2025 13:53

ParentOfOne · 09/09/2025 13:50

@Octavia64 in general, the impression I am getting is that you think there should be a uniform education system.
there should be a national curriculum that all schools stick to and one lot of exams.

Absolutely not! I have never said nor implied that! You have misunderstood completely. Big time.

I don't want uniformity. I would want to avoid having the worst of centralised government oversight coupled with the worst of privatisation. Which is what we have now That's very, very different.

We still have a government department (Ofqual) approving exam content.
But exam boards are outsourced to private businesses, which we pay with our own tax money, which we subject to government control.

Saying that this seems to me like the worst of both worlds doesn't mean I want uniformity, and doesn't mean I think exam boards are the most pressing problem in education today

I genuinely don’t understand what is wrong with the current system. Seems to work efficiently and has plenty of choice of schools. What is exactly the problem with it?

twistyizzy · 09/09/2025 13:53

ParentOfOne · 09/09/2025 13:50

@Octavia64 in general, the impression I am getting is that you think there should be a uniform education system.
there should be a national curriculum that all schools stick to and one lot of exams.

Absolutely not! I have never said nor implied that! You have misunderstood completely. Big time.

I don't want uniformity. I would want to avoid having the worst of centralised government oversight coupled with the worst of privatisation. Which is what we have now That's very, very different.

We still have a government department (Ofqual) approving exam content.
But exam boards are outsourced to private businesses, which we pay with our own tax money, which we subject to government control.

Saying that this seems to me like the worst of both worlds doesn't mean I want uniformity, and doesn't mean I think exam boards are the most pressing problem in education today

Because there are way more qualifications than just GCSE and Alevels. Each exam board has a specialism and focuses on that specialism. It wouldn't be possible to incorporate every vocational, technical and academic qualification under 1 organisation.

ParentOfOne · 09/09/2025 13:50

@Octavia64 in general, the impression I am getting is that you think there should be a uniform education system.
there should be a national curriculum that all schools stick to and one lot of exams.

Absolutely not! I have never said nor implied that! You have misunderstood completely. Big time.

I don't want uniformity. I would want to avoid having the worst of centralised government oversight coupled with the worst of privatisation. Which is what we have now That's very, very different.

We still have a government department (Ofqual) approving exam content.
But exam boards are outsourced to private businesses, which we pay with our own tax money, which we subject to government control.

Saying that this seems to me like the worst of both worlds doesn't mean I want uniformity, and doesn't mean I think exam boards are the most pressing problem in education today

OP posts:
twistyizzy · 09/09/2025 13:50

ParentOfOne · 09/09/2025 13:28

@twistyizzy If you read what I have written, you will notice that nowhere have I said nor even only remotely implied that this should be a top priority.

The complete lack of accountability of academies is a more pressing problem. This has enabled the kind of abuse we saw at Holland Park school and Mossbourne. I made a post about it last year https://www.mumsnet.com/talk/secondary/5225872-mossbourne-academies-investigations-into-alleged-emotional-harm-and-abuse-why-are-needlessly-strict-academies-unaccountable and nothing has changed: no one has been held accountable.
Again: the worst of privatisations: these schools want to be independent and tell us that if we don't like them we can send our kids elsewhere, but we don't have the option not to fund them with our taxes.

Or the fact that 1/3 of state schools are religious and discriminate based on religion in their admission criteria. We would not accept a state-funded hospital for Catholics sending non-Catholics to a longer queue, so why we accept it for schools is beyond me. There are historical reasons, like the churches owning the land, but there are always historical reasons behind all the injustices we have now got rid of. We wouldn't fund a Catholic hospital that discriminates against Catholics if the Catholic church donated the land, so that's really not a valid example.

Sorry, I got carried away.

But it's enshrined within HR act that parents have a choice and state can't interfere with parental religion/ethics etc.

We need more choice in state schools, not less. I am vehemently against any form of homogenous state run educational institutions.

twistyizzy · 09/09/2025 13:46

That was in response to PP saying that AOs take taxes away. That's the alternative.

Araminta1003 · 09/09/2025 13:45

No I disagree that parents should pay for exams. That means some kids with stingy parents won’t get to do 10 GCSEs, even if they would have benefitted from it.
Besides, plenty of teachers do lots of marking and rely on that extra income.
I do not have a problem with the exam boards per se, healthy competition is good, the standards and regulation is already quite heavy. It is just hard to recruit markers now, just like teachers and if they have to pay them more, they have to pay them more. That is a cost Central Government should be willing to pay, rather than squeezing school budgets.

twistyizzy · 09/09/2025 13:44

ParentOfOne · 09/09/2025 13:07

@Octavia64 i get that you think that the government should set a curriculum and provide education and have a single exam board but in England we don’t.
and when you say it is the job of the government that is just an opinion.

Good point. let me rephrase then: regardless of our opinions on what a government should and should not provide, the fact remains that we have a very odd and inconsistent system, where on one hand we seem to welcome "competition" and diversity by allowing multiple exam boards, but on the other hand it seems to be a false and deceiving choice, because we also have a government department (Ofqual) whose job it is to oversee all these exam boards and ensure they aren't that different in the end. See my point?

Give me diversity and choice over 1 state owned exam board! I want government as far away from education as possible. It's bad enough we have the national curriculum at times.

Octavia64 · 09/09/2025 13:40

And picking up on the national textbooks issue:

in general, the impression I am getting is that you think there should be a uniform education system.
there should be a national curriculum that all schools stick to and one lot of exams.

there are countries a bit like that. The closest I can think of is China where there are nationally mandated textbooks and the exams are set by government. However even there they are loosening up and there are now three approved textbooks available (for maths) although the local government chooses which textbook is used.
the Gaokao which is the uni entrance exam is actually set by local authorities and China is currently trying to iron out variations in it as students in more deprived areas have to get higher scores to get into university than for example students in Beijing.

in England generally there’s a history of tolerance of difference in education and a lack of trust in central government.

we are not like China where there is one mandated Chinese textbook and the whole country learns the same poems for their exams. I personally wouldn’t want that.

there should be variety in the system. Schools should be able to choose different periods of history/different books for English lit/etc etc.

uniformity has a price.

Araminta1003 · 09/09/2025 13:40

Personally I think there should be a simple English Language and Maths national qualification at the end of Year 10, online, after Year 10 mocks, that everyone sits, as a sort of benchmark of ability in maths and English enough to get a job later on. I think the resits in Maths and English are a complete disgrace and kids should not have to go through that. If they fail the Year 10 one, they can do another lot at the end of Year 11 after GCSEs. It should be completely computer marked so no subjectivity in English language.

twistyizzy · 09/09/2025 13:38

ParentOfOne · 09/09/2025 13:32

@BananaPeels What taxes are going towards these companies? The exams are paid for per exam per candidate. Doesn’tmatter if it is one exam board or multiple, the cost is the same.

Exactly that: these exam boards charge per exam per candidate.
State schools pay this cost.
And where do state schools get their money, if not from our taxes??

SchoolsWeek wrote about this ever-increasing cost https://schoolsweek.co.uk/schools-over-a-barrel-as-exam-fees-rise-again/

as did Tes https://www.tes.com/magazine/news/general/exam-boards-gcse-and-a-level-entry-fee-increases

So make parents pay then and means test the threshold. Reduce pressure on school budgets

BananaPeels · 09/09/2025 13:33

ParentOfOne · 09/09/2025 13:32

@BananaPeels What taxes are going towards these companies? The exams are paid for per exam per candidate. Doesn’tmatter if it is one exam board or multiple, the cost is the same.

Exactly that: these exam boards charge per exam per candidate.
State schools pay this cost.
And where do state schools get their money, if not from our taxes??

SchoolsWeek wrote about this ever-increasing cost https://schoolsweek.co.uk/schools-over-a-barrel-as-exam-fees-rise-again/

as did Tes https://www.tes.com/magazine/news/general/exam-boards-gcse-and-a-level-entry-fee-increases

Yes and your point being? The exams have to be paid for - doesn’t matter if we have multiple boards or a single board

edited to add- if you reduce the amount of boards and have a monopoly - the costs will rise

ParentOfOne · 09/09/2025 13:32

@BananaPeels What taxes are going towards these companies? The exams are paid for per exam per candidate. Doesn’tmatter if it is one exam board or multiple, the cost is the same.

Exactly that: these exam boards charge per exam per candidate.
State schools pay this cost.
And where do state schools get their money, if not from our taxes??

SchoolsWeek wrote about this ever-increasing cost https://schoolsweek.co.uk/schools-over-a-barrel-as-exam-fees-rise-again/

as did Tes https://www.tes.com/magazine/news/general/exam-boards-gcse-and-a-level-entry-fee-increases

Schools 'over a barrel' as exam fees rise again

Cost of exams will again rise at a greater rate than school funding, with some going up by over 8%

https://schoolsweek.co.uk/schools-over-a-barrel-as-exam-fees-rise-again/

OP posts:
Octavia64 · 09/09/2025 13:29

the government contract out sats.

pearson (so Edexcel) have the current contract.

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