Some great pieces of advice so far. I'm a guidance teacher and for the last few years have been very involved in the transition programme for our new S1s.
It's a big change for them and a lot more is expected from them. They'll be expected to move around the school independently and ensure they arrive at classes on time (although allowances are usually made for the first few weeks). Another difference is that they will likely have to bring at least some of their school books home with them every night, so there's a lot more to remember. Parents can help with this by helping their child come up with a system to remember what they need for each day although it ultimately needs to be the child's responsibility! Telling me you've not got your homework because your Mum didn't pack it won't wash!
When it comes to school bags, experience says not to buy something until they've worked out what everyone else is taking (if that's something that bothers them). It saves you spending a fortune only for them to come home on the first day insisting they need a new bag because the one they've got is 'so uncool'!
For inside the bag:
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Buy some of those plastic wallets (the ones with a button on the front) for any loose sheets they will inevitably acquire! It's also a good idea to put their jotters in these if they're bringing a drink to school with them. That way, if their drink leaks, their books won't be ruined.
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If your child is going to be taking public transport to school, put the cost of an extra fare in a sealed envelope and sellotape it to the bottom of their bag in the case they lose their ticket. Let them know that it's there but make it clear you will not be replacing it if they spend it on junk!
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One I've read on Mumsnet in the past! If your child needs a door key, attach it to a piece of bungee rope inside their bag. That way they will hopefully never lose their key or accidentally leave it in the door!
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A pencil case with all the usual items: pens, pencils, a ruler, a gluestick etc.
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When it comes to calculators and modern language dictionaries, don't buy these until you know which ones the school use. It makes the teacher's life a lot easier if all the kids have the same version and you can often get a discount if you buy through the school.
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If your child has long hair and the school don't ask them to tie their hair up anyway, provide a packet of hair ties to keep in their bag. Many schools will require them to tie their hair back for cookery lessons and science practicals.
Try and appreciate that friendships will take time to form, so don't panic if your child hasn't made a 'best friend' after the first week. Just encourage them to be friendly to everyone. I agree that joining clubs can be a great way to make friends too!
I think an important thing to do over the Summer is to do a few dry runs of the route, if your child is not already familiar with it. If they're getting the bus, show them how to buy a ticket and where to get on and off. Also, make sure that they are confident going places without you. If they're capable of getting from A to B alone, it's one less thing for you to worry about on their first day!
As I said, it's a big change for everyone but the overwhelming majority settle in easily and quickly. They'll get used to their new routines, their new classes, their new teachers and their new friends and it will become the new 'normal'. For some kids, it takes longer than others, but they'll get there in the end!