Re sports, it is dangerous. Obviously. Same mechanism. Unfortunately the most recent systematic review of health outcomes from chokeholds in Mixed Martial Arts was 2014, and done by someone who is linked to the US MMA association and very vocal on social media, so not exactly unbiased. I'm hoping to look at it next year. Partly driven by my own experience, as I'm currently treating a gentleman who had a catastrophic stroke following carotid dissection from a chokehold in MMA. He has lost all language and now has seizures.
It's worth comparing other fields too. The use of carotid restraint by the police, as highlighted by the George Floyd case, is now banned in many countries. It's interesting, isn't it, that we ban it being used on suspected criminals, but women and girls in the bedroom...
And then there's children, who are also affected by this normalisation creep. You may be aware of various TikTok crazes like the breath game (you have to hold your breath until you pass out), the choking challenge (you film yourself with a ligature), and the tap-out challenge (again, filmed, someone strangles you and you have to tap out in time). There have been deaths and harmful outcomes linked to all these, and we're hoping the new Online Safety Bill will give regulators the teeth to have content taken down.
Someone up thread said that, having reviewed porn in their line of work a while ago, they weren't aware of strangulation being a thing. Unfortunately, that has changed. It used to be a rather niche, searchable category, but is now ubiquitous, so much so porn director Erika Lust said "choking is just a standard way to have sex now". And this is evidently having an effect. In a recent study with US students, while most girls got their information on choking from friends, sexual partners, and social media, boys were more likely to cite porn.
Finally, someone asked about stats on gender. In terms of strangulation during domestic/sexual violence, it is overwhelmingly gendered. In 96% of UK domestic strangulation homicides the suspect was male. For non-fatal strangulation, for June-Dec 2022 ONS data shows 2568 cases of women being strangled by male partner, vs 198 where the victim was male (this is only what was reported to 27/41 police forces, so actual figures will be higher). Then during ostensibly 'consensual sex', 64% young women in the US say they have been choked vs 29% men. UK figures are similar. There were a couple of recent BBC surveys, which looked at strangulation during sex: 53% of women under 39 said it had been unwanted, 42% had felt pressured, and 20% said they were upset or frightened afterwards. 1/3 of the men said they wouldn't ask their partner before. Hence the quotation marks around 'consensual sex'.